Name: how protein shape determines function
Uploaded: 2023-04-30T18:28:47.000Z
Duration: 2 min 39 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Next Generation Science Standards

High School

Life Science

from-molecules-to-organisms-structures-and-processes

From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes

HS-LS1-1

Protein and Protein Structures

Proteine sind Polymere aus Aminosäuren, die über Peptidbindungen miteinander verknüpft sind. Die meisten Proteine falten sich in spezifische dreidimensionale Strukturen, um ihre Funktion auszuüben.Die Proteinstruktur wird in vier Kategorien unterteilt: primär, sekundär, tertiär und quaternär.Die lineare Abfolge der Aminosäuren im Protein ist seine primäre Struktur. Diese Abfolgen werden in der Reihenfolge der Polymersynthese gelesen, vom N-Terminus, dem freien Aminoende, bis zum C-Terminus, dem freien Carboxylende.Sekundärstrukturen bilden sich durch Wasserstoffbrückenbindungen zwischen dem Sauerstoff der Carbonylgruppe einer Aminosäure und dem Wasserstoff der Amidgruppe einer anderen Aminosäure. Zu den gängigen Sekundärstrukturen gehören α-Helices und β-Faltblätter.&#xA0;In einer α-Helix bilden sich Wasserstoffbrückenbindungen innerhalb einer einzelnen Polypeptidkette aus, wodurch diese eine gewundene Struktur erhält. In β-gefalteten Faltblattstrukturen entstehen Wasserstoffbrückenbindungen zwischen benachbarten Strängen und erzeugen eine blattartige Anordnung.Diese und andere verbindende Strukturen, wie β-Wendungen, wechselwirken zusätzlich, um die dreidimensionale Struktur des Proteins, die als tertiäre Struktur bekannt ist, zu bilden.Die Bildung der tertiären Struktur erfolgt aufgrund von Wechselwirkungen zwischen den Seitenketten (R-Gruppen) der Aminosäuren.Seitenketten mit entgegengesetzten Ladungen können ionische Bindungen eingehen, und Schwefel in zwei Cysteinen kann eine kovalente Disulfidbrücke bilden. Weitere Beiträge stammen von hydrophoben Wechselwirkungen zwischen unpolaren Seitenketten und Wasserstoffbrückenbindungen zwischen polaren Seitenketten.Zusätzlich bilden einige Proteine quartäre Strukturen, die aus zwei oder mehr Polypeptidketten bestehen. Ein Beispiel ist Hämoglobin, ein Protein, das aus vier Untereinheiten besteht, zwei α und zwei β.Wissenschaftler nutzen oft die Struktur eines Proteins, um seine Funktion und seine Lage in der Zelle vorherzusagen. Beispielsweise weisen Proteine im Zellzytoplasma hydrophile Aminosäuren auf ihrer Oberfläche auf, die mit dem umgebenden Wasser wechselwirken, während hydrophobe Aminosäuren typischerweise im Kern des Proteins vergraben liegen.Im Gegensatz dazu weisen Proteine, die Poren bilden, auf ihrer Oberfläche hydrophobe Aminosäuren auf, die mit Membranlipiden interagieren, und besitzen hydrophile Kerne.

<ol>
	<li>Nelson, D. L., & Cox, M. M. (2008). Lehninger Prinzipien der Biochemie (5. Aufl.). W.H. Freeman. Seite 113-140</li>
	<li>Kristallstruktur von Hämoglobin im T-Zustand mit Sauerstoffbindung an allen vier Häms.Paoli, M., Liddington, R., Tame, J., Wilkinson, A., Dodson, G. (1996) J Mol Biol 256: 775</li>
</ol>

protein und proteinstrukturen

Proteine ​​sind eines der am häufigsten vorkommenden organischen Moleküle in lebenden Systemen und haben von allen Makromolekülen die vielfältigsten Funktionen. Proteine ​​können strukturelle, regulierende, kontraktile oder schützende Funktionen haben. Sie können beim Transport, bei der Speicherung oder in Membranen eingesetzt werden, oder sie können Toxine oder Enzyme sein. Ihre Strukturen sind ebenso wie ihre Funktionen sehr unterschiedlich. Sie sind jedoch alle Aminosäurepolymere, die in einer linearen Sequenz angeordnet sind. Die Form eines Proteins ist entscheidend für seine Funktion. Beispielsweise kann ein Enzym an seinem aktiven Zentrum ein bestimmtes Substrat binden. Wenn dieses aktive Zentrum aufgrund lokaler Veränderungen oder Änderungen in der gesamten Proteinstruktur verändert wird, ist das Enzym möglicherweise nicht in der Lage, an das Substrat zu binden. Um zu verstehen, wie das Protein seine endgültige Form oder Konformation erhält, müssen wir die vier Ebenen der Proteinstruktur verstehen: primär, sekundär, tertiär und quartär. Primärstruktur Die einzigartige Sequenz von Aminosäuren in einer Polypeptidkette ist ihre Primärstruktur. Das Pankreashormon Insulin beispielsweise hat zwei Polypeptidketten, A und B, die durch Disulfidbrücken miteinander verbunden sind. Die N-terminale Aminosäure der A-Kette ist Glycin, während die C-terminale Aminosäure Asparagin ist.  Die Aminosäuresequenzen in den A- und B-Ketten sind für Insulin einzigartig. Das für das Protein kodierende Gen bestimmt letztendlich die einzigartige Sequenz für jedes Protein. Eine Änderung der Nukleotidsequenz der kodierenden Region des Gens kann dazu führen, dass der wachsenden Polypeptidkette eine andere Aminosäure hinzugefügt wird, was zu einer Änderung der Proteinstruktur und -funktion führt. Bei der Sichelzellenanämie weist die Hämoglobin-β-Kette eine einzelne Aminosäuresubstitution auf, was zu einer Veränderung der Proteinstruktur und -funktion führt. Insbesondere ersetzt Valin in der β-Kette die Aminosäure Glutaminsäure. Aufgrund dieser Veränderung einer Aminosäure in der Kette bilden Hämoglobinmoleküle lange Fasern, die die bikonkaven oder scheibenförmigen roten Blutkörperchen verzerren und dazu führen, dass sie eine Halbmond- oder „Sichelform“ annehmen, was die Blutgefäße verstopft. Dies kann bei den von dieser Krankheit Betroffenen zu unzähligen schwerwiegenden Gesundheitsproblemen wie Atemnot, Schwindel, Kopfschmerzen und Bauchschmerzen führen. Sekundärstruktur Die lokale Faltung des Polypeptids in einigen Regionen führt zur Sekundärstruktur des Proteins. Am häufigsten sind die α-Helix- und β-Faltblattstrukturen. Beide Strukturen werden durch Wasserstoffbrücken in Form gehalten. Die Wasserstoffbrücken bilden sich zwischen dem Sauerstoffatom in der Carbonylgruppe einer Aminosäure und einer anderen Aminosäure, die vier Aminosäuren weiter entlang der Kette liegt. Jede Helixwindung in einer Alpha-Helix hat 3,6 Aminosäurereste. Die R-Gruppen des Polypeptids (die Variantengruppen) ragen aus der α-Helix-Kette heraus. Im β-Faltenblatt bilden Wasserstoffbrückenbindungen zwischen Atomen am Rückgrat der Polypeptidkette die „Falten“. Die R-Gruppen sind an die Kohlenstoffe gebunden und erstrecken sich über und unter den Falten der Falte. Die gefalteten Segmente richten sich parallel oder antiparallel zueinander aus und es bilden sich Wasserstoffbrücken zwischen dem teilweise positiven Wasserstoffatom in der Aminogruppe und dem teilweise negativen Sauerstoffatom in der Carbonylgruppe des Peptidrückgrats. Die α-Helix- und β-Faltblattstrukturen kommen in den meisten globulären und faserigen Proteinen vor und spielen eine wichtige strukturelle Rolle. Tertiärstruktur Die einzigartige dreidimensionale Struktur des Polypeptids ist seine Tertiärstruktur. Diese Struktur ist teilweise auf chemische Wechselwirkungen zurückzuführen, die an der Polypeptidkette wirken. In erster Linie erzeugen die Wechselwirkungen zwischen R-Gruppen die komplexe dreidimensionale Tertiärstruktur des Proteins. Die Art der R-Gruppen in den beteiligten Aminosäuren kann der Bildung der Wasserstoffbrücken entgegenwirken, die wir für Standard-Sekundärstrukturen beschrieben haben. Beispielsweise stoßen sich R-Gruppen mit gleichen Ladungen gegenseitig ab, und solche mit ungleichen Ladungen werden voneinander angezogen (ionische Bindungen). Bei der Proteinfaltung liegen die hydrophoben R-Gruppen der unpolaren Aminosäuren im Inneren des Proteins; wohingegen die hydrophilen R-Gruppen außen liegen. Wechselwirkungen zwischen Cysteinseitenketten bilden in Gegenwart von Sauerstoff Disulfidbindungen, die einzige kovalente Bindung, die während der Proteinfaltung entsteht. Alle diese Wechselwirkungen, ob schwach oder stark, bestimmen die endgültige dreidimensionale Form des Proteins. Wenn ein Protein seine dreidimensionale Form verliert, ist es möglicherweise nicht mehr funktionsfähig. Quartärstruktur In der Natur entstehen einige Proteine aus mehreren Polypeptiden oder Untereinheiten, und das Zusammenspiel dieser Untereinheiten bildet die Quartärstruktur. Schwache Wechselwirkungen zwischen den Untereinheiten tragen zur Stabilisierung der Gesamtstruktur bei. Beispielsweise verfügt Insulin (ein kugelförmiges Protein) über eine Kombination aus Wasserstoff- und Disulfidbindungen, die dazu führen, dass es größtenteils in Kugelform verklumpt. Insulin beginnt als einzelnes Polypeptid und verliert bei posttranslationaler Modifikation einige interne Sequenzen, nachdem die Disulfidbindungen gebildet wurden, die die verbleibenden Ketten zusammenhalten. Seide (ein faseriges Protein) hat jedoch eine β-faltige Blattstruktur, des ist das Ergebnis von Wasserstoffbrückenbindungen zwischen verschiedenen Ketten. Dieser Text wurde angepasst von <a href="https://openstax.org/books/biology-2e/pages/3-4-proteins">Openstax, Biology 2e, Chapter 3.4: Proteins</a>.

Protein und Proteinstrukturen

Proteine gehören zu den am häufigsten vorkommenden organischen Molekülen in lebenden Systemen und haben von allen Makromolekülen den vielfältigsten Funktionsbereich. Proteine können ...

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Education

Lehre

JoVE Core

Cell Biology

Zellbiologie

Unit 1

Einheit 1

Biochemistry of the Cell

Biochemie der Zelle

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

KERNBEGRIFFE UND KONZEPTE

how protein shape determines function

Proteins are essential molecules in living things, and their shape affects how they work. Protein structure is described at several levels, including primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure. These levels help explain how a protein is built and how its final form supports its job.

Primary structure is the sequence of amino acids in a protein. Secondary structure forms when parts of the chain fold into regular patterns. Tertiary structure is the overall three-dimensional shape of one protein chain. Quaternary structure appears when more than one protein chain joins together to make a working protein.

The video also shows how protein structure can be represented in different ways. A simple line drawing can show the amino acid sequence. Other models can show folding and the full 3D shape. These visual forms help students compare levels of structure and see why protein shape matters.

How Protein Shape Determines Function

the periodic table and organismal elements

the-periodic-table-and-organismal-elements

Elements in the Human Body and Periodic Table

Elements are the smallest units of matter that cannot be broken down further by chemical processes. Scientists know 118 elements, but not all of them occur naturally. Only a small number are essential for life, and living matter depends mostly on carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, and oxygen. The periodic table organizes elements by their physical and chemical properties. Each square shows the element name, chemical symbol, atomic number, and atomic weight. The atomic number is the number of protons...

functional groups

Functional Groups in Organic Molecules

Functional groups are the part of an organic molecule that gives it specific chemical behavior. They help explain why compounds with similar carbon skeletons can react in different ways. In organic chemistry, these groups are often used to classify compounds. A functional group can change the properties of a molecule and affect how it behaves in a reaction. Knowing functional groups helps students recognize patterns in organic compounds. It also makes it easier to compare molecules that share...

types of chemical bonds

Chemical Bonds and How Atoms Join

Chemical bonds hold atoms together and help explain how different substances form. In chemistry, the main bond types are ionic bonds, covalent bonds, and metallic bonds. Ionic bonds form when electrons move from one atom to another. Covalent bonds form when atoms share electrons. Metallic bonds occur in metals, where electrons are held in a shared arrangement that gives metals their characteristic behavior. Understanding these bond types helps students compare how atoms connect in different...

noncovalent attractions in biomolecules

Biomolecule Interactions Without Covalent Bonds

Biomolecules often stay together through noncovalent attractions instead of covalent bonds. These weaker interactions help molecules recognize each other and form structures needed for life. The main noncovalent attractions are hydrogen bonds, electrostatic interactions, van der Waals forces, and hydrophobic interactions. Each one works in a different way, but all of them can influence how biomolecules fold, bind, and behave in cells. Hydrogen bonds form when a hydrogen atom is attracted to...

polymers

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what are lipids?

Lipids in Cells: Membranes, Energy, and Signals

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structure of lipids

How Lipid Molecules Are Built

Lipid molecules are built from hydrocarbon chains and a few key structural parts. Their shape helps explain why they behave differently from many other biological molecules. In high school biology, this structure is often linked to how lipids store energy and help form cell membranes. Some lipids are made from fatty acids joined to other small molecules. Triglycerides contain glycerol and three fatty acids, while phospholipids contain glycerol, two fatty acids, and a phosphate group. These...

chemistry of carbohydrates

Carbohydrate Structure and Bonding

Carbohydrates are built from sugar units and the bonds that link them. Their chemistry explains how simple sugars join to form larger molecules. It also helps show why carbohydrates have different structures and functions. The video focuses on the main sugar types found in carbohydrates. These include monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. Monosaccharides are single sugar units. Disaccharides contain two sugar units, while polysaccharides are long chains of many sugar units. The...

nucleic acids

DNA and RNA in Cells

DNA and RNA are nucleic acids that help store and use genetic information in cells. They are key molecules in biology and are often studied together because they work as a pair in living systems. Nucleic acids are built from repeating units called nucleotides. Each nucleotide has a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. The order of these bases carries the genetic code. There are two main nucleic acids: DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, and RNA, or ribonucleic acid. DNA usually stores...

protein and protein structures

Proteins are essential molecules in living things, and their shape affects how they work. Protein structure is described at several levels, including primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure. These levels help explain how a protein is built and how its final form supports its job. Primary structure is the sequence of amino acids in a protein. Secondary structure forms when parts of the chain fold into regular patterns. Tertiary structure is the overall three-dimensional shape of...

ph regulation in cells

Cell pH and Organelle Balance

Cell pH and organelle balance are essential for normal cell function. pH affects protein shape and activity, the charge on cell membranes, and many metabolic reactions inside the cell. Cells also use the proton motive force, which is the energy stored in a proton gradient, to make ATP, the cell’s main energy molecule. The cytosol, or fluid inside the cell, is usually slightly more acidic than the fluid outside the cell. Even so, cells must stop the cytosol from becoming too acidic. They use...

chemistry of the cell

Cell Chemistry: Water, Ions, and Molecules

Cell chemistry explains the substances that make cells work. Water is the main component of cells, and it supports the chemical reactions that keep life going. Cells also contain organic molecules, which are carbon-based compounds, and inorganic ions, which are charged particles needed for cell function. Organic molecules in cells include carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. These molecules have different roles, but together they build cell structures, store energy, and carry...

key terms and concepts

Learn how proteins are built and folded through primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure, and how protein shape affects function.

How Protein Shape Determines Function | JoVE K12

cell biology

JoVE Core Zellbiologie veranschaulicht komplexe zelluläre Prozesse in leicht verständlichen und dennoch umfassenden animierten Videolektionen. Diese Sammlung konzentriert sich auf die wesentlichen Bestandteile und Funktionen von Zellen, einschließlich Organellen und Membranen, Zelltransport und Zellenergie. Ergänzt wird sie durch Videos von Wissenschaftlern in Aktion, die die Anwendung der Zellbiologie in realen Forschungsexperimenten demonstrieren.

Florida Department of Education

SC.912.L.18

SC.912.L.18.1

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New York State Science Learning Standards

Structure and Function

HS-LS1-1.

Georgia Standards of Excellence

9-12

Biology

SB6.c

Characteristics of Life

Biology is a natural science that studies life and living organisms, including their structure, function, development, interactions, evolution, ...

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Cell Structure

Background
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Visualizing Onion and Cheek Cells
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Visualizing Onion and Human Cells
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What are Cells?

Cell Diversity

The concept of a cell started with microscopic observations of dead cork tissue by Robert Hooke in 1665. Hooke coined the term &#34;cell&#34; based on the ...

Cytoplasm

The cytoplasm consists of organelles and a framework of protein scaffolds called the cytoskeleton suspended in an aqueous solution, the cytosol. The ...

The Nucleus

The nucleus is a membrane-bound organelle that acts as a control center in a eukaryotic cell. It contains chromosomal DNA, which controls gene expression ...

The Central Dogma

The DNA Helix

Nucleic Acids

DNA as a Genetic Template

Structure of a Gene

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Chromosome Structure

Base-pairing and DNA Repair

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RNA Structure

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Protein Families

Types of RNA

Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse ...

Conservation of Protein Domains

Transcription

Transcription is the synthesis of RNA from a DNA sequence by RNA polymerase. It is the first step in producing a protein from a gene sequence. ...

Globular and Fibrous Proteins

Translation

Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes ...

Intrinsically Disordered Proteins

Ribosomes

Ribosomes translate genetic information encoded by messenger RNA (mRNA) into proteins. Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have ribosomes. Cells that ...

Protein Complex Assembly

Conjugated Proteins

Proteins: From Genes to Degradation

Amyloid Fibrils

What are Proteins?

Proteins are polymers of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds. Proteins and polypeptides are interchangeably used to refer to long chains of amino ...

Ligand Binding Sites

Protein Organization

Proteins are polymers of amino acid residues. They are versatile and responsible for different cellular functions, including DNA replication, molecular ...

Protein-Protein Interfaces

Protein Folding

Proteins are chains of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds. Upon synthesis, a protein folds into a three-dimensional conformation, critical to ...

Conserved Binding Sites

Cofactors and Coenzymes

Enzymes are proteins made of amino acids. The functional group of each constituent amino acid catalyzes a wide variety of chemical reactions via ionic ...

Cooperative Allosteric Transitions

Protein Kinases and Phosphatases

GTPases and their Regulation

Covalently Linked Protein Regulators

protein-complexes-with-interchangeable-parts

Protein Complexes with Interchangeable Parts

Mechanical Protein Function

Structural Protein Function

Protein Networks

Construct an explanation based on evidence for how the structure of DNA determines the structure of proteins, which carry out the essential functions of life through systems of specialized cells. [Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include identification of specific cell or tissue types, whole body systems, specific protein structures and functions, or the biochemistry of protein synthesis.]

Levels of Organization

Biological organization is the classification of biological structures, ranging from atoms at the bottom of the hierarchy to the Earth&#x27;s biosphere. ...

Animal and Plant Cell Structure

Animal and plant cells not only differ in their structure, function, and mode of nutrition but also in how they reproduce, specialize, and organize into ...

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Structural Organization of the Human Body: An Overview

It is convenient to consider the body&#39;s structures in terms of fundamental levels of organization that increase in complexity: subatomic particles, ...

Overview of Human Digestion

The human body contains a monogastric digestive system. In a monogastric digestive system, the stomach only contains one chamber in which it digests food. ...

Anatomy of the Intestines

Although digestion of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids may begin in the stomach, it is completed in the intestine. The absorption of nutrients, water, ...

Accessory Organs

Accessory organs are those that participate in the digestion of food but do not come into direct contact with it like the mouth, stomach, or intestine do. ...

Lipid Digestion

Lipids are large molecules that are generally not water-soluble. Since most of the digestive enzymes in the human body are water-based, there are specific ...

Protein Digestion

Protein digestion begins in the stomach, where the highly acidic environment can easily disrupt protein structure by exposing the peptide bonds of ...

Carbohydrate Digestion

Carbohydrate digestion and metabolism break down simple and complex carbohydrates from food into saccharides (i.e., sugars) for the body to use as energy. ...

What is a Nervous System?

Overview

The nervous system is the collection of specialized cells responsible for maintaining an organism&rsquo;s internal environment and coordinating ...

The Parasympathetic Nervous System

Overview

The parasympathetic nervous system is one of the two major divisions of the autonomic nervous system. This parasympathetic system is responsible ...

The Sympathetic Nervous System

Overview

The sympathetic nervous system&mdash;one of the two major divisions of the autonomic nervous system&mdash;is activated in times of stress. It ...

Oogenesis

In human women, oogenesis produces one mature egg cell or ovum for every precursor cell that enters meiosis. This process differs in two unique ways from ...

What is a Sensory System?

Sensory systems detect stimuli&mdash;such as light and sound waves&mdash;and transduce them into neural signals that can be interpreted by the nervous ...

Fertilization

During fertilization, an egg and sperm cell fuse to create a new diploid structure. In humans, the process occurs once the egg has been released from the ...

What is the Skeletal System?

Overview

The adult human skeleton comprises 206 bones that are connected through cartilage, tendons, and ligaments. The skeleton provides a rigid ...

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An Introduction to the Zebrafish: Danio rerio

Zebrafish (Danio rerio) are small freshwater fish that are used as model organisms for biomedical research. The many strengths of these fish include their ...

Physiology of the Circulatory System

Homeostasis
Conditions in the external environment of an organism can change rapidly and drastically. To survive, organisms must maintain a fairly ...

Anatomy of the Circulatory System

The human circulatory system consists of blood, blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart, around the body, and back to the heart, and the heart ...

Measuring Blood Pressure
ExpandTo prepare for the blood pressure exercise, simply place the appropriate number of alcohol swabs, sphygmomanometers, and ...

Anatomy of the Heart

The human heart is made up of three layers of tissue that are surrounded by the pericardium, a membrane that protects and confines the heart. The ...

Measuring Circulatory System Function in Humans
ExpandBefore starting the experiment go to the front of the room and collect an alcohol swab, a ...

Blood Flow

Blood is pumped by the heart into the aorta, the largest artery in the body, and then into increasingly smaller arteries, arterioles, and capillaries. The ...

What Are Osmoregulation and Excretion?

Organisms must keep bodily fluids at a constant temperature and pH while maintaining specific solute concentrations in order to support life functions. ...

Blood Withdrawal I

Source: Kay Stewart, RVT, RLATG, CMAR; Valerie A. Schroeder, RVT, RLATG. University of Notre Dame, IN
Blood collection is a common requirement for ...

Kidney Structure

The kidneys are two large bean-shaped organs located in the upper abdomen. They filter the blood several times a day to remove toxins and rebalance water ...

Blood Withdrawal II

Source: Kay Stewart, RVT, RLATG, CMAR; Valerie A. Schroeder, RVT, RLATG. University of Notre Dame, IN
The collection of blood from mice and rats for ...

What is the Immune System?

Overview

The immune system comprises diverse biological structures and processes that protect the body from disease. These processes can be classified ...

Develop and use a model to illustrate the hierarchical organization of interacting systems that provide specific functions within multicellular organisms. [Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on functions at the organism system level such as nutrient uptake, water delivery, and organism movement in response to neural stimuli. An example of an interacting system could be an artery depending on the proper function of elastic tissue and smooth muscle to regulate and deliver the proper amount of blood within the circulatory system.] [Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include interactions and functions at the molecular or chemical reaction level.]

HS-LS1-2

How Protein Shape Determines Function

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