Name: circuit power, absorption, and supply
Uploaded: 2024-04-11T12:48:28.000Z
Duration: 1 min 12 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

new-jersey-student-learning-standards-for-science

New Jersey Student Learning Standards for Science

High School

Physical Science

Energy

HS-PS3-1

Power and Energy

Energie ist die Gesamtarbeit, die erforderlich ist, um den Strom durch den Stromkreis zu leiten.
Ein Spannungsanstieg führt dazu, dass mehr Arbeit geleistet wird und mehr Strom fließt, was zu einer erhöhten Energieübertragung führt.
Leistung ist die Rate, mit der Energie im Laufe der Zeit zugeführt oder absorbiert wird, gemessen in Watt.
Die Leistung kann auch als Produkt aus der momentanen Spannung und dem Strom über ein Element ausgedrückt werden.
Das Vorzeichen der Stromversorgung hängt von der Richtung des Stroms und der Polarität der Spannung ab.
Gemäß der Konvention des passiven Vorzeichens absorbiert das Element Strom, wenn der Strom am Pluspol der Spannung in ein Schaltungselement eintritt und den Minuspol verlässt.
Tritt der Strom hingegen in den Minuspol ein und verlässt den Pluspol aus, liefert das Element Strom.
Die Gesamtleistung, die dem Stromkreis zugeführt wird, muss der aufgenommenen Gesamtleistung entsprechen, um das Energieerhaltungsgesetz zu validieren.
Für ein Element ist die absorbierte oder zugeführte Energie das Integral der momentanen Leistung.
Wenn ein Kassettenspieler konstanten Strom zieht, wird die Laufzeit des Players anhand der Batterieparameter und des Leistungs-Energie-Verhältnisses berechnet.

kraft und energie

Die einem Element zugeführte Leistung und Energie sind in der Elektrotechnik Themen von großer Bedeutung. Es ist eine bekannte Tatsache, dass eine 100-Watt-Glühbirne mehr Licht abgibt als eine 60-Watt-Glühbirne. Daher spielen Leistungs- und Energieberechnungen eine entscheidende Rolle bei der Analyse elektrischer Schaltkreise. Leistung, definiert als die Zeit, in der Energie verbraucht oder absorbiert wird, wird in der Einheit Watt (W) quantifiziert. Das Verhältnis zwischen Leistung und Energie wird mathematisch wie folgt angegeben: <img alt="Equation1" src="/files/ftp_upload/15065/15065_PT_Equation_1.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 36px;"> Dabei steht „p“ für die Leistung in Watt (W), „w“ für die Energie in Joule (J) und „t“ für die Zeit in Sekunden (s). Die Leistung, die mit dem Strom verbunden ist, der durch ein Element innerhalb eines Stromkreises fließt, ist das Produkt der Spannung an diesem Element und dem durch es fließenden Strom. Wenn der Strom am Pluspol der Spannung in das Schaltungselement eintritt und am Minuspol austritt, folgt er der Passivkonvention. Bei dieser Konvention treibt die Spannung eine positive Ladung in die gleiche Richtung wie der Strom. Folglich stellt die durch Multiplikation der Elementspannung mit dem Elementstrom berechnete Leistung die vom Element empfangene Leistung dar. Diese Leistung wird gelegentlich als „vom Element aufgenommene Leistung“ oder „vom Element abgegebene Leistung“ bezeichnet. Wichtig ist, dass die von einem Element empfangene Leistung entweder positive oder negative Werte annehmen kann, abhängig von den tatsächlichen Werten der Spannung und des Stroms des Elements. Wenn andererseits die passive Konvention nicht eingehalten wird, tritt der Strom am negativen Anschluss der Spannung in das Schaltungselement ein und verlässt ihn am positiven Anschluss. In diesem Fall treibt die Spannung eine positive Ladung in die entgegengesetzte Richtung wie der Strom. Wenn daher die Spannung und der Strom des Elements nicht der Passivkonvention entsprechen, stellt die durch Multiplikation dieser Werte berechnete Leistung die vom Element gelieferte Leistung dar. Ähnlich wie die empfangene Leistung kann auch die zugeführte Leistung positiv oder negativ sein, abhängig von den spezifischen Werten der Spannung und des Stroms des Elements. Das Verhältnis zwischen der von einem Element empfangenen Leistung und der von diesem Element gelieferten Leistung wird ausgedrückt als <img alt="Equation2" src="/files/ftp_upload/15065/15065_PT_Equation_2.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 14px;"> Wenn die Spannung und der Strom des Elements mit der Passivkonvention übereinstimmen, ist die von einem Element empfangene Energie gegeben durch <img alt="Equation3" src="/files/ftp_upload/15065/15065_PT_Equation_3.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 64px;"> Energie ist definiert als die Fähigkeit, Arbeit zu verrichten und wird in Joule (J) ausgedrückt.

Kraft und Energie

Energie ist die Gesamtarbeit, die erforderlich ist, um den Strom durch den Stromkreis zu leiten.
Ein Spannungsanstieg führt dazu, dass mehr Arbeit geleistet wird, mehr Strom durchgelassen wird, was zu ...

Education

Lehre

JoVE Core

Electrical Engineering

Elektrotechnik

Unit 1

Einheit 1

Basics of Electric Circuits

Grundlagen elektrischer Stromkreise

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

ZENTRALE BEGRIFFE UND KONZEPTE

circuit power, absorption, and supply

Circuit power, absorption, and supply explain how much energy an element uses or delivers in an electric circuit. These ideas matter in electrical engineering because power and energy calculations help describe circuit behavior. A 100-watt light bulb, for example, emits more light than a 60-watt bulb, so wattage is a useful measure in real devices.

Power is the time rate of expending or absorbing energy. It is measured in watts, written as W. The relation between power and energy uses the variables p for power in watts, w for energy in joules, and t for time in seconds.

For a circuit element, power is found by multiplying the voltage across the element by the current through it. When current enters the positive terminal of the voltage and leaves the negative terminal, the passive convention is used. In this case, the voltage pushes positive charge in the same direction as the current.

Under the passive convention, the product of voltage and current gives the power received by the element. This is also called absorbed power or dissipated power. The received power can be positive or negative, depending on the actual voltage and current values.

If the current enters at the negative terminal and leaves at the positive terminal, the passive convention is not followed. Then the voltage drives positive charge opposite to the current direction. In that case, the product of voltage and current represents the power supplied by the element, and this supplied power can also be positive or negative.

The power received by an element and the power supplied by the same element are related. When voltage and current follow the passive convention, the energy received by the element is given by the power-energy relation over time. Energy is the capacity to perform work, and it is measured in joules, or J.

Circuit Power, Absorption, and Supply

charge and current

Electric Charge in Circuits

Electric charge in circuits explains how charged particles behave in matter and how current is produced. Everyday static effects, like a wool sweater sticking to the body or a shock from a carpet, show charge in action. Charge is an inherent property of atomic particles and is measured in coulombs (C). Matter is made of atoms with electrons, protons, and neutrons. Electrons carry a negative charge (-e), and protons carry a positive charge (+e). These two charges have the same magnitude. An...

voltage

Voltage in Electric Circuits

Voltage in electric circuits is the energy needed to move electric charge between two points. It is also called electromotive force, or EMF. In most circuits, an external force such as a battery provides this energy for electron movement in a conductor. The voltage between points a and b is written as v_ab. It is defined as the work, or energy, needed to move a unit charge from point a to point b. In the equation, w is the energy in joules and q is the charge in coulombs. Voltage is measured...

power and energy

Circuit power, absorption, and supply explain how much energy an element uses or delivers in an electric circuit. These ideas matter in electrical engineering because power and energy calculations help describe circuit behavior. A 100-watt light bulb, for example, emits more light than a 60-watt bulb, so wattage is a useful measure in real devices. Power is the time rate of expending or absorbing energy. It is measured in watts, written as W. The relation between power and energy uses the...

electric circuit elements

Circuit Elements: Passive, Active, and Linear

Circuit elements are the building blocks of an electric circuit. An electric circuit is the connection of these elements. In this context, circuit elements are often grouped by how they behave and whether they supply energy. One major group is passive elements. These elements do not generate energy. Common passive elements include resistors, capacitors, and inductors. The other group is active elements, which can generate energy. Generators, batteries, and operational amplifiers are typical...

circuit terminology

Circuit Parts: Branches, Nodes, and Loops

Circuit parts like branches, nodes, loops, and meshes help describe how electrical networks work. An electrical network is a system of connected elements, such as resistors, capacitors, inductors, and voltage or current sources. Unlike a circuit, a network does not have to form a closed path. A circuit is also made of connected electrical elements, but it must include one or more closed paths. These loops let current flow continuously, which is what makes the circuit operate. Because of this,...

independent and dependent sources

Circuit Source Symbols and Controls

Circuit sources in electrical circuits can be independent or dependent. They provide the power a circuit needs to operate. Independent voltage sources supply a fixed voltage, and independent current sources supply a fixed current. Their output does not change because of other parts in the circuit. These sources use standard symbols in circuit diagrams. An independent voltage source is shown with + and - signs to mark the potential difference. An independent current source is shown with an...

ohm's law

Resistance and Conductance in Circuits

Resistance and conductance help explain how electric current moves through a circuit. Resistors are basic circuit parts made from metallic alloys or carbon compounds. They are used to model how a material resists current and to control and regulate electrical power in a circuit. Ohm's law describes the link between voltage and current across a resistor. The voltage across a resistor is directly proportional to the current through it. The constant that sets this relationship is resistance.

kirchhoff's current law

Kirchhoff's Current Law at Circuit Nodes

Kirchhoff's Current Law explains how current behaves at a circuit node. A node is the point where two or more circuit elements meet. The law says the current entering a node equals the current leaving it. That balance follows the rule of charge conservation, which means electric charge is not lost at the junction. When applying KCL, currents entering the node are treated as positive and currents leaving the node are treated as negative. The currents can be added algebraically at the node, and...

kirchhoff's voltage law

Voltage Balance in Closed Circuit Loops

Kirchhoff's Voltage Law explains how voltage is balanced in a closed circuit loop. It is a basic rule in electrical engineering and comes from the idea of energy conservation. Energy can change form, but it cannot be created or destroyed. KVL states that the algebraic sum of all voltages around a closed path, or loop, is zero. In other words, the total voltage supplied in a loop equals the total voltage drop across the components in that loop. A loop can be traced clockwise or anticlockwise,...

voltage dividers

Series Resistors and Voltage Split

Series resistors split voltage across a circuit. In a series setup, resistors are linked one after another. The same current flows through each resistor in the chain. To analyze this behavior, Ohm's law is used to relate voltage, current, and resistance. Kirchhoff's voltage law says the voltages around a series loop add up to the source voltage. That means the current in the circuit equals the source voltage divided by the total resistance in series. The current value can then be used in Ohm's...

current dividers

Parallel Resistors and Current Division

Parallel resistors share the same two nodes, so each resistor has the same voltage across it. In this circuit setup, Kirchhoff's current law applies. The source current equals the sum of the currents through each branch. Ohm's law helps find the branch currents from the source voltage and the resistor values. The source current is equal to the source voltage times the sum of the reciprocals of the resistances. This makes it easier to calculate how current divides in the circuit. The current...

equivalent resistance

Delta-Wye Network Conversion

Delta-wye network conversion helps analyze resistor circuits that are not arranged in simple series or parallel paths. These three-terminal equivalent networks use the wye (Y), also called tee (T), and the delta (Δ), also called pi (π), as practical circuit models. These networks are useful in many circuit settings. They appear in three-phase electrical systems, electrical filters, and matching networks. They can also be used on their own or combined with more complex circuits. A delta...

design example: resistive touchscreen

Resistive Touchscreen Voltage Mapping

A resistive touchscreen uses voltage mapping to locate a finger touch on a mobile device. It is built from two metallic layers. The top layer is flexible, and the bottom layer is rigid. A narrow gap separates them, and the high resistance between the layers is an important part of the design. When a user touches the screen, the two layers meet at one point. That contact point is called the touchpoint. The touch lowers the resistance between the layers at that spot and changes the electrical...

key terms and concepts

Learn how voltage, current, and the passive convention determine circuit power, absorbed power, supplied power, and energy in joules for high school circuits.

Circuit Power, Absorption, and Supply | JoVE K12

JoVE Core Electrical Engineering offers easy-to-understand animated videos that cover fundamental concepts of electric circuits along with circuit analysis techniques. It incorporates first-order and second-order circuits using operational amplifiers and circuit transformation concepts. The inclusion of practical design examples and real-world applications through scientist-in-action videos adds significant educational value, making complex concepts accessible.

electrical engineering

Arizona Science Standards

HS+Phy.P4

HS+Phy.P4U2.7

HS+Phy.P4U1.8

HS.P4

HS.P4U3.9

south-carolina-college-and-career-ready-science-standards

South Carolina College and Career Ready Science Standards

Physics

motion-and-stability-forces-and-interactions

Motion and Stability: Forces and Interactions

P-PS2-5

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Clarification statement: Emphasis is on explaining the meaning of mathematical expressions used in the model. 

Assessment Boundary: Assessment is limited to basic algebraic expressions or computations; to systems of two or three components; and to thermal energy, kinetic energy, and/or the energies in gravitational, magnetic, or electric fields.

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Kinetic Energy - I

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Kinetic Energy - II

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Work-energy Theorem

According to Newton&#x2019;s second law of motion, the sum of all the forces acting on a particle (net force) determines the rate of change in the ...

Develop and use models to illustrate that energy at the macroscopic scale can be accounted for as a combination of energy associated with the motions of particles (objects) and energy associated with the relative position of particles (objects). 

Clarification statement: Examples of phenomena at the macroscopic scale could include the conversion of kinetic energy to thermal energy, the energy stored due to position of an object above the earth, and the energy stored between two electrically-charged plates. Examples of models could include diagrams, drawings, descriptions, and computer simulations.

HS-PS3-2

Conservation of Energy

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Electric Generator: Alternator

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Source: Tamara M. Powers, Department of Chemistry, Texas A&#38;M University
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Design, build, and refine a device that works within given constraints to convert one form of energy into another form of energy. 

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HS-PS3-3

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statements-of-the-second-law-of-thermodynamics

Statements of the Second Law of Thermodynamics

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entropy-and-the-second-law-of-thermodynamics

Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics

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Plan and conduct an investigation to provide evidence that the transfer of thermal energy when two components of different temperature are combined within a closed system results in a more uniform energy distribution among the components in the system (second law of thermodynamics). 

Clarification statement: Emphasis is on analyzing data from student investigations and using mathematical thinking to describe the energy changes both quantitatively and conceptually. Examples of investigations could include mixing liquids at different initial temperatures or adding objects at different temperatures to water. 

Assessment Boundary: Assessment is limited to investigations based on materials and tools provided to students.

HS-PS3-4

Maxwell's Equation Of Electromagnetism

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Develop and use a model of two objects interacting through electric or magnetic fields to illustrate the forces between objects and the changes in energy of the objects due to the interaction. 

Clarification statement: Examples of models could include drawings, diagrams, and texts, such as drawings of what happens when two charges of opposite polarity are near each other. 

Assessment Boundary: Assessment is limited to systems containing two objects.

HS-PS3-5

Circuit Power, Absorption, and Supply

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