Name: wind turbine types and generator control
Uploaded: 2024-11-21T14:54:38.000Z
Duration: 1 min 24 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills

High School

Earth Systems Science

112.49.c.12.

112.49.c.12.E.

Wind Turbine Machine Models

Es gibt vier Arten von Windkraftanlagen. Bei den Typen 1 und 2 handelt es sich um Induktionsmaschinenmodelle, bei denen Statorwicklungen über eine Relativbewegung zwischen Magnetfeld und Rotor Wechselstromströme induzieren.
Die Differenz zwischen der Synchron- und der Rotordrehzahl pro Einheit wird als Schlupf quantifiziert.
Dieses Modell verfügt über eine äquivalente Spannung hinter dem Statorwiderstand und die transiente Reaktanz.
Die Anfangsbedingungen für die transiente Stabilität werden bestimmt, indem zwei Differentialgleichungen auf Null gesetzt und der Leistungsfluss, die Wirkleistungseinspeisung und die Anschlussspannung als Eingänge verwendet werden.
Die erzeugte negative Blindleistung gibt den Stromverbrauch der Induktionsmaschinen an.
Turbinen vom Typ 1 verfügen über einen Käfigläufer mit festem Widerstand, während Typ 2 gewickelte Rotor-Induktionsmaschinen mit einem Steuerungssystem zur Einstellung des Rotorwiderstands verwendet.
Windkraftanlagen vom Typ 3, auch bekannt als doppelt gespeiste Asynchrongeneratoren, verwenden gewickelte Rotor-Induktionsmaschinen.
Die Rotorwicklungen werden über einen AC-DC-AC-Wandler mit dem AC-Netz verbunden und ermöglichen so eine getrennte Regelung von Wirk- und Blindleistung.
Turbinen vom Typ 4 verwenden eine vollständig asynchrone Konstruktion, bei der der Ausgang der Maschine über einen AC-DC-AC-Wandler mit dem Wechselstromnetz verbunden ist.

transiente stabilität und systemkontrollen

Im wachsenden Bereich der Windenergie ist die Integration von Windturbinenmodellen in die transiente Stabilitätsanalyse von wesentlicher Bedeutung. Induktions- und Synchronmaschinen sind die hauptsächlich verwendeten Modelle, wobei Induktionsmaschinen aufgrund ihrer Einfachheit und Zuverlässigkeit vorherrschen.

Induktionsmaschinen interagieren durch das rotierende Magnetfeld, das vom Stator und Rotor erzeugt wird. Der Schlüsselparameter ist der Schlupf, also die Differenz zwischen Synchrondrehzahl und Rotordrehzahl relativ zur Synchrondrehzahl. Bei Synchrondrehzahl ist der Schlupf null, beim Motorbetrieb positiv und beim Generatorbetrieb negativ. Die mechanische Dynamik umfasst die Trägheitskonstante (H) und die Differenz zwischen mechanischem und elektrischem Drehmoment (T_m−T_e).

Ein vereinfachtes elektrisches Modell für eine Induktionsmaschine mit Einzelkäfig stellt die äquivalente Spannung hinter dem Statorwiderstand und der Übergangsreaktanz dar. Zu den wichtigsten Parametern gehören die Leerlaufzeitkonstante für den Rotor und die synchrone Reaktanz, die aus Streureaktanz und Hauptreaktanz abgeleitet wird.

Das elektrische Drehmoment und die Wirkleistung am Anschluss werden durch die internen Spannungen und Ströme der Maschine bestimmt. Induktionsmaschinen verbrauchen normalerweise Blindleistung, die durch einen negativen Wert angezeigt wird.

Es gibt vier verschiedene Typen von Windturbinenmodellen:

Typ 1 und Typ 2: Diese Modelle verwenden Induktionsgeneratoren. Typ 1 hat einen festen Rotorwiderstand, während Typ 2 einen variablen Rotorwiderstand zur besseren Steuerung verwendet, der die Zeitkonstante und Leistungsabgabe der Maschine beeinflusst.

Typ 3 und Typ 4: Diese fortschrittlichen Modelle (doppelt gespeiste Asynchrongeneratoren und Vollumrichtersysteme) ermöglichen die Steuerung sowohl der Wirk- als auch der Blindleistung. Typ 3 verwendet Umrichter zur Rotorstromsteuerung und bietet einen großen Drehzahlbereich. Typ 4 entkoppelt den Generator vom Netz, bietet flexible Steuerung und eliminiert die mechanische Kopplung mit der Turbinendynamik.

Um Windturbinenmodelle zu verstehen, muss die Interaktion zwischen elektrischen und mechanischen Komponenten analysiert werden, um eine genaue Stabilitätsanalyse zu ermöglichen.

Transiente Stabilität und Systemkontrollen

Es gibt vier Arten von Windkraftanlagen. Bei den Typen 1 und 2 handelt es sich um Induktionsmaschinenmodelle, bei denen Statorwicklungen Wechselstrom-Rotorströme über Relativbewegung induzieren ...

Education

Lehre

JoVE Core

Electrical Engineering

Elektrotechnik

Unit 1

Einheit 1

Transient Stability and System Controls

Transiente Stabilität und Systemsteuerungen

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

WICHTIGE BEGRIFFE UND KONZEPTE

wind turbine types and generator control

Wind turbine machine models are used to study how wind turbines behave in transient stability analysis. In this setting, induction machines and synchronous machines are the main model types. Induction machines are common because they are simple and reliable.

Induction machines work through the rotating magnetic field made by the stator and rotor. A key term is slip, which is the difference between synchronous speed and rotor speed relative to synchronous speed. Slip is zero at synchronous speed, positive during motoring, and negative during generating.

The mechanical side of the model uses the inertia constant, H, and the torque difference between mechanical torque, Tm, and electrical torque, Te. A simplified single-cage induction machine model shows an equivalent voltage behind stator resistance and transient reactance. Other important parameters include the rotor open-circuit time constant and the synchronous reactance, which comes from leakage reactance and magnetizing reactance.

Electrical torque and terminal real power injection depend on the machine’s internal voltages and currents. Induction machines usually consume reactive power, so this value is negative. Wind turbine models are grouped into four types, and each type handles control in a different way.

Type 1 and Type 2 models use induction generators. Type 1 has fixed rotor resistance. Type 2 uses variable rotor resistance, which improves control and changes the machine time constant and power output. Type 3 and Type 4 are more advanced. Type 3 is a doubly-fed asynchronous generator that uses converters to control rotor current and supports a wide speed range. Type 4 is a full converter system that decouples the generator from the grid, gives flexible real and reactive power control, and removes the mechanical link to turbine dynamics.

Wind Turbine Types and Generator Control

the swing equation

Generator Rotor Motion and the Swing Equation

Generator rotor motion is described by the Swing Equation in power system dynamics. It is used to study generating units such as three-phase synchronous generators. The equation comes from Newton’s second law applied to the generator rotor. It links inertia, angular acceleration, and the balance between mechanical and electrical torques. In steady-state operation, the mechanical torque supplied to the generator is equal to the electrical torque produced by the generator. When these torques...

simplified synchronous machine model

Transient Stability in Synchronous Generators

The synchronous machine model helps students analyze transient stability in power systems. It represents a synchronous generator under balanced three-phase positive-sequence conditions. The model assumes constant excitation and ignores losses and saturation. These simplifications make it easier to study how a generator behaves during a disturbance. In this setup, the generator is connected to a network of transmission lines, transformers, loads, and other machines. That larger system is often...

multimachine stability

Power-System Stability in Multi-Machine Networks

Power-system stability in multi-machine networks focuses on how several synchronous machines behave as they stay connected to an N-bus power system. The analysis solves the swing equations for the machines and tracks how the network responds when conditions change. It is used to study transient stability, which is the system’s ability to stay in step after a disturbance. The network is written with nodal equations that link bus voltages, machine voltages, and machine currents. In this model, V...

wind turbine machine models

Wind turbine machine models are used to study how wind turbines behave in transient stability analysis. In this setting, induction machines and synchronous machines are the main model types. Induction machines are common because they are simple and reliable. Induction machines work through the rotating magnetic field made by the stator and rotor. A key term is slip, which is the difference between synchronous speed and rotor speed relative to synchronous speed. Slip is zero at synchronous...

generator voltage control

Voltage Regulation in Generators and Wind Turbines

Generator voltage regulation helps keep synchronous generators and wind turbines working stably. Older systems use a DC generator driven by the rotor to supply DC power to the rotor field winding. That power is passed through slip rings and brushes. Newer systems use static exciters or brushless exciters. A static exciter rectifies AC power from the generator terminals and sends DC power directly to the rotor. A brushless exciter uses an inverted synchronous generator, takes AC power from...

turbine-governor control

How Turbine Governors Stabilize Power Output

Turbine-governor control helps keep generator frequency and rotor speed stable when electrical load changes. It does this by matching turbine mechanical power with the power demand on the system. In a power grid, that balance is important for steady operation. Turbine-generator units also store kinetic energy because their parts are rotating. When load increases, that stored energy is released to help meet the demand. At first, electrical torque rises while mechanical torque stays nearly...

load-frequency control

Load-frequency control in power grids

Load-frequency control keeps a power grid stable when electrical demand changes. It helps keep system frequency and power flow within acceptable limits. Turbine-governor control reduces rotor speed changes after a load shift, but a steady-state frequency error can still remain when the turbine-governor reference setting does not change. In an interconnected power system, each area agrees to export or import a scheduled amount of power through tie-lines, which are the transmission lines that...

key terms and concepts

Learn how wind turbine models use induction and synchronous machines, slip, torque, and converter control to explain Types 1–4 and grid behavior.

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Wind Turbine Types and Generator Control

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