Name: prokaryotic cell storage inclusions
Uploaded: 2025-06-12T09:31:19.000Z
Duration: 1 min 27 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Virginia  Standards of Learning

HIgh School

Biology

BIO.4

BIO.4.c

Cell Inclusions

Einschlüsse sind intrazelluläre Strukturen, die als Speicher für Nährstoffe, Stoffwechselnebenprodukte oder andere Verbindungen dienen. Überschüssiger Kohlenstoff wird oft als Poly-β-Hydroxybuttersäure-Granulat, bestehend aus Lipidpolymeren, oder Glykogengranulat gespeichert. Diese Speicherformen dienen als Kohlenstoffspeicher und bei Bedarf als schnelle Energiequellen. Metachromatisches Granulat oder Volutin ist ein Polyphosphatgranulat, das häufig in Corynebacterium vorkommt. Diese Granulate speichern anorganisches Phosphat für die Nukleinsäure- und ATP-Synthese. Schwefelkügelchen, eine Energiereserve für schwefeloxidierende Bakterien wie Thiobacillus, speichern elementaren Schwefel. Einige Cyanobakterien produzieren Carboxysomen, die Enzyme wie RuBisCO enthalten, die die Kohlendioxidfixierung erleichtern. Gasvakuolen sind luftgefüllte Hohlstrukturen, die es Wasserbakterien und Archaeen ermöglichen, ihren Auftrieb aufrechtzuerhalten und so den Zugang zu Licht und Nährstoffen zu optimieren. Magnetosomen, die aus Magnetit oder Greigit bestehen, kommen in Bakterien wie Magnetospirillum magnetotactic vor. Sie richten Wasserbakterien auf das Magnetfeld der Erde aus und leiten sie nach unten in anaerobe Zonen mit niedrigen Sauerstoffkonzentrationen.

zelleinschlüsse

Prokaryotische Zellen besitzen eine Vielzahl von Einschl&#252;ssen, die eine zentrale Rolle bei der N&#228;hrstoffspeicherung, bei Stoffwechselprozessen sowie bei der Anpassung an Umweltbedingungen spielen. Diese Strukturen erm&#246;glichen es Bakterien, unter wechselhaften Umweltbedingungen zu &#252;berleben, indem sie essentielle Ressourcen speichern und ihre metabolische Effizienz optimieren.
Kohlenstoffspeicherung: Poly-&#946;-Hydroxybutters&#228;ure- und Glykogengranula
Bakterien speichern &#252;bersch&#252;ssigen Kohlenstoff h&#228;ufig in spezialisierten Granula. Poly-&#946;-Hydroxybutters&#228;uregranula (PHB) sind Lipidpolymere, die als langfristiger Kohlenstoff- und Energiespeicher fungieren. Diese Granula stellen eine Energiequelle dar, die von Bakterien bei N&#228;hrstoffmangel metabolisiert werden kann. Zus&#228;tzlich bieten Glykogengranula, bestehend aus stark verzweigten Glykogenpolymeren, eine rasch verf&#252;gbare Energiequelle. Die verzweigte Struktur des Glykogens erlaubt einen effizienten enzymatischen Zugriff, wodurch eine schnelle Energiefreisetzung bei Bedarf erleichtert wird.
Poly-&#946;-Hydroxybutters&#228;uregranula (PHB) haben mehrere industrielle Anwendungen aufgrund ihrer Rolle in der Herstellung biologisch abbaubarer Kunststoffe. PHB ist ein Polyhydroxyalkanoat (PHA), das als Alternative zu erd&#246;lbasierten Kunststoffen dient. Es wird wegen seiner Biokompatibilit&#228;t, Ungiftigkeit und vollst&#228;ndigen Abbaubarkeit in der Umwelt gesch&#228;tzt.
Metachromatische Granula: Polyphosphatreserven
Metachromatische Granula, auch als Volutingranula bekannt, sind intrazellul&#228;re Speicher von anorganischem Polyphosphat. Der Begriff &#8222;metachromatisch&#8220; bezieht sich auf ihre Eigenschaft, aufgrund ihres hohen Phosphatgehalts in einer anderen (Meta-)Farbe als dem verwendeten Farbstoff zu erscheinen. Diese Granula werden auch als &#8222;Volutin&#8220; bezeichnet, da sie erstmals in Spirillum volutans beobachtet wurden. Sie sind h&#228;ufig in Gattungen wie Corynebacterium zu finden und dienen als Reservoir f&#252;r Phosphat &#8211; ein entscheidender Bestandteil f&#252;r die Nukleins&#228;ure- und ATP-Synthese. Diese Speicherstrategie unterst&#252;tzt das bakterielle Wachstum und die Reproduktion in Phosphat-limitierten Phasen.
Schwefelglobuli: Elementarschwefelspeicherung
Schwefelglobuli sind charakteristisch f&#252;r schwefeloxidierende Bakterien wie Thiobacillus. Diese Einschl&#252;sse speichern elementaren Schwefel, der aus der Oxidation reduzierter Schwefelverbindungen wie Schwefelwasserstoff oder Thiosulfat stammt, und fungieren als leicht verf&#252;gbare Energiereserve. Dieser gespeicherte Schwefel kann bei Energiebedarf weiter zu Sulfat oxidiert werden und tr&#228;gt so zum Zellstoffwechsel bei. Der Prozess liefert nicht nur Energie, sondern spielt auch eine Rolle im Schwefelkreislauf der Umwelt, was die &#246;kologische Bedeutung dieser Einschl&#252;sse unterstreicht.
Carboxysomen: Kohlenstofffixierung
Cyanobakterien und einige andere autotrophe Prokaryoten produzieren Carboxysomen &#8211; proteinhaltige Mikrokompartimente, die Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphat-Carboxylase/Oxygenase (RuBisCO) enthalten. Diese Einschl&#252;sse erleichtern die Fixierung von Kohlendioxid, indem sie CO_2 konzentrieren und die Effizienz von RuBisCO steigern &#8211; eine entscheidende Anpassung f&#252;r photosynthetische Organismen in CO_2-armen Umgebungen.
Gasvakuolen: Auftriebsregulierung
Gasvakuolen, die bei aquatischen Bakterien und Archaeen vorkommen, sind hohle, proteinummantelte Strukturen zur Regulierung des Auftriebs. Durch die Anpassung ihrer Position in der Wassers&#228;ule optimieren diese Organismen den Zugang zu Licht und N&#228;hrstoffen. Diese Anpassung ist insbesondere f&#252;r photosynthetische und aquatische Bakterien in geschichteten Gew&#228;ssern von entscheidender Bedeutung.
Magnetosomen: Navigationshilfe
Magnetosomen sind membranbegrenzte Einschl&#252;sse, die Eisenoxide (z.&#8239;B. Magnetit) oder Greigit enthalten. Diese Strukturen sind besonders h&#228;ufig bei Bakterien wie Magnetospirillum magnetotacticum anzutreffen. Durch die Ausrichtung am Erdmagnetfeld erm&#246;glichen Magnetosomen eine gezielte Navigation in sauerstoffarme oder anaerobe Zonen, die f&#252;r den Stoffwechsel dieser Bakterien g&#252;nstiger sind. Dieses magnetische Navigationssystem ist ein Beispiel f&#252;r die spezialisierte Anpassungsf&#228;higkeit prokaryotischer Zellen an ihre &#246;kologischen Nischen. Zusammenfassend sind prokaryotische Einschl&#252;sse multifunktionale Strukturen, die Bakterien eine effiziente N&#228;hrstoffspeicherung, die Regulierung von Umweltinteraktionen und die Optimierung von Stoffwechselprozessen erm&#246;glichen. Diese Anpassungen veranschaulichen die bemerkenswerte Vielseitigkeit und Widerstandsf&#228;higkeit prokaryotischer Lebensformen.

Zelleinschlüsse

Prokaryotische Zellen besitzen eine Vielzahl von Einschl&#252;ssen, die eine zentrale Rolle bei der N&#228;hrstoffspeicherung, bei Stoffwechselprozessen ...

Education

Lehre

JoVE Core

Microbiology

Mikrobiologie

Unit

Einheit

Microbial Cell Structure and Function        

Mikrobielle Zellstruktur und Funktion

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

KERNBEGRIFFE UND KONZEPTE

prokaryotic cell storage inclusions

Prokaryotic cell storage inclusions help bacteria store nutrients, manage energy, and adapt to changing environments. These inclusions let cells survive when food, phosphate, sulfur, light, or oxygen levels change. They are important examples of how simple cells can still have highly specialized structures.

Some inclusions store carbon. Poly-β-hydroxybutyric acid, or PHB, forms granules that act as a long-term carbon and energy reserve. Glycogen granules also store carbon, but they provide a faster energy source because glycogen is highly branched and enzymes can access it quickly.

PHB has another important role outside the cell. It is a polyhydroxyalkanoate, or PHA, and is used to make biodegradable plastics. It is valued because it is biocompatible, non-toxic, and fully degradable in the environment.

Other inclusions store phosphate. Metachromatic granules, also called volutin, are deposits of inorganic polyphosphate. They were first observed in Spirillum volutans, and they are common in bacteria such as Corynebacterium. These granules stain a different color than the dye used because of their high phosphate content, and they provide phosphate for nucleic acids and ATP.

Sulfur globules store elemental sulfur in sulfur-oxidizing bacteria such as Thiobacillus. The sulfur comes from oxidized reduced sulfur compounds like hydrogen sulfide or thiosulfate. The stored sulfur can be oxidized further to sulfate when the cell needs energy, and this also helps sulfur move through the environment.

Some prokaryotes use inclusions for carbon fixation and movement. Cyanobacteria and other autotrophic prokaryotes make carboxysomes, which are protein-based microcompartments that contain RuBisCO. These structures concentrate CO2 and help RuBisCO work better, especially when CO2 is low. Gas vacuoles are hollow, protein-lined structures in aquatic bacteria and archaea that control buoyancy, so the cells can stay where light and nutrients are available.

Magnetosomes help bacteria navigate. These membrane-bound inclusions contain iron oxides such as magnetite or greigite. In bacteria like Magnetospirillum magnetotacticum, magnetosomes align with Earth’s magnetic field and guide cells toward low-oxygen or anaerobic zones that better fit their metabolism. Together, these inclusions show how prokaryotic cells store resources, sense their surroundings, and live successfully in many habitats.

Prokaryotic Cell Storage Inclusions

prokaryotic vs. eukaryotic cells

Cell Organization in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells show two major patterns of cell organization. These differences shape the structure, size, and function of living things across the domains of life. Prokaryotic cells, such as bacteria and archaea, are simple in structure. They do not have a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles. Their DNA is usually a single circular molecule found in the nucleoid region, which is not surrounded by a nuclear membrane. Prokaryotes are usually very small, about 0.1 to 5.0...

microbial morphologies 

Microbial Shapes and Cell Forms

Microbial shapes and cell forms help bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotic microbes survive in many environments. Cell shape affects how these organisms grow, take up nutrients, and handle waste. It also reflects the link between structure and function. Among bacteria, cocci and bacilli are the most common shapes. Cocci are spherical cells, and they may appear alone or in pairs called diplococci, chains called streptococci, clusters called staphylococci, or groups of four called tetrads. Bacilli...

bacterial cell wall 

Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Walls

Bacterial cell walls give bacteria their shape and help protect them from osmotic stress. This rigid but flexible layer surrounds the plasma membrane and supports cellular integrity. Its main building block is peptidoglycan, a mesh-like polymer that adds strength while still allowing some flexibility. Peptidoglycan is made of alternating N-acetylglucosamine, or NAG, and N-acetylmuramic acid, or NAM. Short amino acid chains connect these sugar units and help form the strong network. The...

archaeal cell wall

Archaeal Cell Wall Types and Functions

Archaeal cell walls protect archaea and help them survive in extreme environments. Unlike bacterial cell walls, they do not have the peptidoglycan layer found in most bacteria. Instead, archaea use a range of materials, including proteins, polysaccharides, and pseudomurein, to build their outer layer. The most common archaeal cell wall is the S-layer, or surface layer. It is made of tightly packed protein or glycoprotein units that form a crystalline lattice. These repeating patterns can make...

peptidoglycan synthesis

Building the Bacterial Cell Wall

Peptidoglycan builds the bacterial cell wall and gives the cell its shape and strength. It is a mesh-like polymer around the bacterial plasma membrane. The polymer is made of repeating sugar units, N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) and N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM), linked by β-1,4 glycosidic bonds. Short peptide chains cross-link the sugar chains and make the wall more rigid. Peptidoglycan biosynthesis starts in the cytoplasm with soluble precursors. Uridine diphosphate, or UDP, binds to NAG and NAM to...

plasma membrane in bacteria and archaea

Bacterial vs Archaeal Membrane Lipids

Bacterial and archaeal plasma membranes control what enters and leaves the cell. They also help maintain cell integrity. Although both membranes do the same basic job, their structures are different because bacteria and archaea face different environmental demands. Bacterial plasma membranes are mainly made of phospholipids. These lipids have fatty acid chains linked to a glycerol backbone by ester bonds. They form a bilayer, with hydrophilic glycerol-phosphate heads facing outward and...

outer layers of the cell envelope

Capsules, Slime Layers, and S-Layers

Capsules, slime layers, and S-layers are outer coverings on prokaryotic cells. These layers help bacteria and archaea survive, attach to surfaces, and interact with their environment. They are often made of polysaccharides, polypeptides, proteins, or glycoproteins. Capsules are tightly bound and highly organized layers that stick firmly to the bacterial cell wall. They are usually made of polysaccharides, although some are made of polypeptides. A capsule protects cells from dehydration and can...

flagella and motility in bacteria

Bacterial Flagella as Tiny Rotary Motors

Bacterial flagella are thread-like structures that help cells move and respond to their surroundings. They extend from the cell envelope and support both motility and chemotaxis, which is the ability to move in response to chemical signals. Their design shows how bacteria use specialized structures to survive in different environments. A flagellum has three main parts: the filament, the hook, and the basal body. The filament is the long, helical part made of repeating flagellin protein...

fimbriae, pili, and axial filaments

How Bacteria Stick, Share Genes, and Move

Fimbriae, pili, and axial filaments are bacterial surface structures that help cells attach, exchange genes, and move. These hairlike appendages are made mainly of pilin protein. They support bacterial survival in different environments and can also increase pathogenicity. Fimbriae are fine, filament-like structures that are densely packed on the bacterial surface. They are about 2 to 10 nanometers wide and help bacteria attach to nonliving surfaces and to host tissues. This adhesion is an...

cell inclusions

Prokaryotic cell storage inclusions help bacteria store nutrients, manage energy, and adapt to changing environments. These inclusions let cells survive when food, phosphate, sulfur, light, or oxygen levels change. They are important examples of how simple cells can still have highly specialized structures. Some inclusions store carbon. Poly-β-hydroxybutyric acid, or PHB, forms granules that act as a long-term carbon and energy reserve. Glycogen granules also store carbon, but they provide a...

endospores and sporulation

How Bacteria Survive with Endospores

Endospores help some bacteria survive harsh conditions. These dormant cells are made mainly by Gram-positive bacteria such as Bacillus and Clostridium. They are highly resistant to heat, ultraviolet and ionizing radiation, drying, and toxic chemicals. In rare cases, endospore-like structures have also been seen in some Gram-negative bacteria, including Coxiella burnetii and Sporosarcina ureae, as well as in other species exposed to extreme conditions. Sporulation begins when bacteria face...

nucleoid

How Prokaryotes Organize DNA

Prokaryotes organize their DNA in the nucleoid, a distinct region where genetic material and associated proteins are packed. Because prokaryotic cells do not have a membrane-bound nucleus, the nucleoid helps keep DNA organized and available for cell activities. In most bacteria and archaea, the DNA is a single, circular, double-stranded molecule that is tightly compacted by supercoiling and protein interactions. Nucleoid-associated proteins, or NAPs, help shape and maintain this DNA region.

surface appendages of archaea

Archaeal Pili and Archaella in Action

Archaeal pili and archaella help archaea survive, attach, and move in challenging environments. These surface appendages support adhesion, biofilm formation, and motility. They give archaeal cells key advantages in habitats that can be extreme. Pili are filament-like structures made from pilin protein subunits. Their main role is adhesion, which means helping cells stick to surfaces. They also support biofilm formation, where cells live in a shared, surface-attached community. Some pili are...

key terms and concepts

Learn how prokaryotic cell inclusions store carbon, phosphate, and sulfur, support carbon fixation, control buoyancy, and guide bacteria with magnetosomes.

Prokaryotic Cell Storage Inclusions | JoVE K12

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Prokaryotic Cell Storage Inclusions

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