Name: prokaryote chromosomes and plasmids
Uploaded: 2025-08-06T09:37:52.000Z
Duration: 46 s
Channel: JoVE

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North Carolina K-12 Science Standard Course of Study

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Biology

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From Molecules to Organisms- Structures and Processes

LS.Bio.2.1

Genomic DNA in Prokaryotes

- [Narrador] Así como los
organismos más complejos,

los procariotas usan ADN de doble cadena

como su material genético.

Sin embargo, estos organismos unicelulares

organizan y almacenan el
ADN de manera diferente.

La célula procariota no
tiene un verdadero núcleo

unido a la membrana.

En cambio, un área del
citoplasma, el nucleoide,

alberga todo el genoma en un cromosoma

en bucle y doble cadena.

El ADN allí está firmemente enrollado,

súper enrollado para un
almacenamiento eficiente.

Además del genoma completo,

moléculas de ADN de
doble cadena, plásmidos,

existen en el citoplasma.

Se reproducen independientemente
de la célula y

pueden contener genes que
confieren supervivencia celular,

como resistencia antibiótica

si son expuestos a un antibiótico
tal como la ampicilina.

Millán, Álvaro San. "Evolución de la resistencia a los antibióticos mediada por plásmidos en el contexto clínico". Trends in Microbiology 26, no. 12 (1 de diciembre de 2018): 978–85. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tim.2018.06.007" target="__blank">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tim.2018.06.007</a>.

adn genómico en procariotas

El genoma de la mayoría de los organismos procarióticos está formado por ADN bicatenario organizado en un cromosoma circular en una región del citoplasma llamada nucleoide. El cromosoma está fuertemente enrollado o superenrollado para un almacenamiento eficiente. Los procariotas también contienen otras piezas circulares de ADN llamadas plásmidos. Estos plásmidos son más pequeños que el cromosoma y suelen portar genes que confieren funciones adaptativas, como la resistencia a los antibióticos. <h4>Diversidad genómica en bacterias</h4> Aunque los genomas bacterianos son mucho más pequeños que los genomas eucariotas, varían considerablemente en tamaño y contenido genético. Uno de los genomas bacterianos más pequeños conocidos es el de Mycoplasma genitalium, un patógeno de transmisión sexual que causa infecciones del tracto urinario y genital en humanos. El genoma de M. genitalium tiene 580.076 pares de bases de largo y está formada por 559 genes (476 codificantes y 83 no codificantes). En el otro extremo del espectro se encuentra una cepa particular de Sorangium cellulosum, una bacteria que habita en el suelo. El genoma de S. cellulosum es enorme para una bacteria, tiene 14.782.125 pares de bases de largo y codifica 11.599 genes. <h4>Las bacterias pueden adquirir resistencia a los antibióticos a partir de los plásmidos</h4> Antes del descubrimiento de los antibióticos, las lesiones menores podían volverse mortales debido a la incapacidad de detener infecciones bacterianas simples. El descubrimiento de la penicilina en 1928 marcó el comienzo de la era de los antibióticos, caracterizada por revolucionar los tratamientos médicos y aumentar la esperanza de vida. Sin embargo, el uso excesivo de antibióticos en humanos y animales agrícolas ha provocado que algunas bacterias desarrollen resistencia a los antibióticos, volviéndolos menos efectivos o ineficaces. Los genes de resistencia a los antibióticos pueden transportarse en plásmidos, lo cual es problemático porque muchas bacterias pueden intercambiar plásmidos con especies lejanas a través de un proceso llamado conjugación bacteriana. Por lo tanto, la resistencia a los antibióticos puede propagarse rápidamente a través de poblaciones bacterianas, lo que pone de relieve la necesidad urgente de desarrollar nuevos antibióticos.

ADN genómico en procariotas

El genoma de la mayoría de los organismos procariotas consiste en ADN de doble cadena organizado en un cromosoma circular en una región del citoplasma llamada ...

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prokaryote chromosomes and plasmids

Most prokaryotes store their DNA in one circular chromosome inside the nucleoid, a region of cytoplasm. This chromosome is double-stranded and tightly wound, or supercoiled, so it fits efficiently inside the cell. Prokaryotes also carry smaller circular DNA pieces called plasmids.

Plasmids often carry genes that give bacteria helpful traits. One important example is antibiotic resistance. Bacteria can gain these plasmids and the traits they carry, which can help them adapt to changing conditions.

Bacterial genomes can differ a lot in size and gene content. Mycoplasma genitalium has one of the smallest known bacterial genomes. It is 580,076 base pairs long and contains 559 genes, including 476 coding genes and 83 noncoding genes.

At the other extreme, a strain of Sorangium cellulosum has a much larger genome for a bacterium. Its genome is 14,782,125 base pairs long and encodes 11,599 genes. These examples show how much prokaryotic genomes can vary.

Plasmids also matter because they can spread antibiotic resistance. Before antibiotics were discovered, even minor injuries could become deadly bacterial infections. Penicillin, discovered in 1928, helped start the antibiotic era and greatly improved medical treatment and life expectancy.

Overuse of antibiotics in people and agricultural animals has helped some bacteria evolve resistance. Resistance genes can move on plasmids, and many bacteria can exchange plasmids with distantly related species through bacterial conjugation. This can spread resistance quickly through bacterial populations and shows why new antibiotics are still needed.

Prokaryote Chromosomes and Plasmids

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genomic dna in prokaryotes

Most prokaryotes store their DNA in one circular chromosome inside the nucleoid, a region of cytoplasm. This chromosome is double-stranded and tightly wound, or supercoiled, so it fits efficiently inside the cell. Prokaryotes also carry smaller circular DNA pieces called plasmids. Plasmids often carry genes that give bacteria helpful traits. One important example is antibiotic resistance. Bacteria can gain these plasmids and the traits they carry, which can help them adapt to changing...

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cancer

Cancer Treatment, Personalization, and Cell Growth

Cancer develops when mutations affect genes that control cell division. Those changes can remove the normal brakes on growth and lead to uncontrolled cell proliferation. Modern science and medicine have improved how cancer is understood and treated, and some patients can now be cured. There is still no single cure for cancer because cancer is not one disease. It is a large group of many diseases. Even when two people have the same mutation in an oncogene or a tumor suppressor gene, their...

key terms and concepts

Learn how prokaryotes package DNA in a circular chromosome and plasmids, and how plasmids can spread antibiotic resistance between bacteria.

Prokaryote Chromosomes and Plasmids | JoVE K12

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Prokaryote Chromosomes and Plasmids

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