Name: cell cycle stages in mitosis
Uploaded: 2019-03-11T09:21:14.000Z
Duration: 2 min 3 s
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North Carolina K-12 Science Standard Course of Study

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Biology

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From Molecules to Organisms- Structures and Processes

LS.Bio.2.1

Mitosis and Cytokinesis

- [Narrador] Consistente
de cinco etapas únicas,

la mitosis es una forma de división

en la que el material genético
de una célula se divide

entre dos células hijas.

Primero, durante la profase
en los seres humanos,

la cromatina nucleica se condensa

en cromosomas X compuestos
de pares de cromátidas

que se juntan en las
uniones de los centrómeros.

Al mismo tiempo, fuera del núcleo,

dos organelos en forma de L
llamados centrosomas migran

a los lados opuestos de la célula.

A medida que lo hacen,
los microtúbulos empiezan

a crecer de cada una

ya sea hacia el interior
o exterior de la célula

y forman un huso
acromático en forma de red.

Luego, la membrana nuclear se disuelve

durante la prometafase,

lo que expone los cromosomas

al contenido de las demás células.

También aparecen estructuras de proteínas

en ambos lados de los centrómeros,
una por cada cromatina.

Una vez que se forman estos cinetocoros,

microtúbulos interiores que
se extienden se unen a ellos,

y cada cromátida gemela se ata

a un polo diferente de la célula.

La mitosis progresa a la metafase

donde el huso acromático
reordena los cromosomas

para que estén orientados de forma similar

en una fila fija a lo largo
del ecuador de la célula.

Con la anafase, los microtúbulos unidos a

los cinetocoros se acortan

y las cromátidas,

que ahora se conocen
individualmente como cromosomas,

se separan.

Esto y otras dinámicas de los microtúbulos

también alargan la célula.

Finalmente, los cromosomas caen

en los lados opuestos de la
célula durante la telofase,

en la que se deshace el huso acromático.

El material genético se suelta,

y las dos membranas nucleares,

una alrededor de cada juego
de cromosomas, aparecen.

Durante la telofase,
en un proceso distinto

llamado citoquinesis,

la célula se divide por el citoplasma.

Por lo tanto, al final de la mitosis

hay un par de células idénticas

genéticamente a su precursora.

Guertin, David A., Susanne Trautmann y Dannel McCollum. "Citocinesis en eucariotas". Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 66, no. 2 (1 de junio de 2002): 155–78. [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1128/MMBR.66.2.155-178.2002" target="__blank">Fuente</a>]

mitosis y citocinesis

En los eucariotas, el ciclo de división celular se divide en procesos celulares distintos y coordinados que incluyen el crecimiento celular, la replicación del ADN/duplicación de los cromosomas, la distribución de los cromosomas a las células hijas y, finalmente, la división celular. El ciclo celular está estrechamente regulado por sus sistemas reguladores, así como por señales extracelulares que afectan la proliferación celular.

Los procesos del ciclo celular ocurren durante aproximadamente 24 horas (en células humanas típicas) y en dos etapas principales distinguibles. La primera etapa es la replicación del ADN, durante la fase S de la interfase. La segunda etapa es la fase mitótica (M), que implica la separación de los cromosomas duplicados en dos nuevos núcleos (mitosis) y la división citoplasmática (citocinesis). Las dos fases están separadas por intervalos (G1 y G2), durante los cuales la célula se prepara para la replicación y la división.

<h4>El proceso de la mitosis</h4>

La mitosis se puede dividir en cinco etapas distintas,profase, prometafase, metafase, anafase y telofase. La citocinesis, que comienza durante la anafase o la telofase (según la célula), forma parte de la fase M, pero no de la mitosis.

<h4>Profase</h4>

A medida que la célula entra en mitosis, sus cromosomas replicados comienzan a condensarse y volverse visibles como estructuras filiformes con la ayuda de proteínas conocidas como condensinas. El aparato del huso mitótico comienza a formarse entre los centrosomas,que se duplicaron durante la fase S, y migra a los polos opuestos de la célula. El huso está formado por estructuras filamentosas llamadas microtúbulos que se componen de monómeros de proteína tubulina. Los microtúbulos del huso comienzan a extenderse hacia los cromosomas condensados. El nucleolo, un componente del núcleo que produce ribosomas, desaparece, lo que indica la inminente ruptura del núcleo.

<h4>Prometafase</h4>

Durante la prometafase, los filamentos de microtúbulos del aparato del huso continúan creciendo y los cromosomas terminan de condensarse. La envoltura nuclear se rompe por completo, liberándose los cromosomas. Algunos de los microtúbulos se unen a los cromosomas liberados, uniéndose a una estructura proteica llamada cinetocoro que está presente en el centrómero de cada par de cromátidas hermanas. Los microtúbulos del huso de polos opuestos se unen a los cinetocoros y capturan los pares de cromátidas hermanas condensadas. Los microtúbulos del huso que no se unen a los cromosomas,microtúbulos polares y astrales, ayudan a separar los husos y a anclar los polos del huso a la membrana celular.

<h4>Metafase</h4>

Los microtúbulos del huso alinean cada par de cromátidas hermanas completamente condensadas a lo largo del ecuador de la célula,en la placa metafásica. La célula ahora está lista para dividirse.

<h4>Anafase</h4>

Los microtúbulos de los polos opuestos del huso, que están unidos a la estructura del cinetocoro, acortan y separan las cromátidas hermanas en el centrómero. Las proteínas de cohesión que mantienen unidas las cromátidas ahora se descomponen. El acortamiento de los microtúbulos cinetocoros hace que cada cromátida del par,ahora llamada cromosomas, migre a un polo opuesto.

<h4>Telofase</h4> Una vez que los cromosomas alcanzan los polos opuestos de la célula, se descondensan y se desenrollan para formar cromatina. Los filamentos de microtúbulos del huso se despolimerizan en sus monómeros de tubulina, que luego se utilizan como elementos citoesqueléticos en las células hijas. Las envolturas nucleares se vuelven a ensamblar alrededor de cada conjunto de cromosomas. <h4>Citocinesis</h4> Durante la citocinesis en las células animales, los filamentos de actina forman un anillo contráctil en la membrana plasmática para crear un surco de escisión, que eventualmente divide la célula en dos. En las células vegetales, las vesículas del aparato de Golgi que transportan glucosa, enzimas y proteínas estructurales se unen para formar una nueva placa celular en el lugar de la antigua placa metafásica. La placa celular en crecimiento se fusiona con las membranas plasmáticas de cada lado, formando eventualmente una nueva pared celular que divide la célula en dos. La mitosis ahora se completa y se generan dos células hijas que son idénticas a la célula madre. En la mayoría de las células humanas, la mitosis representa aproximadamente una hora del ciclo celular de aproximadamente 24 horas.

Mitosis y citocinesis

En los eucariotas, el ciclo de división celular se divide en procesos celulares distintos y coordinados que incluyen el crecimiento celular, la replicación del ADN/cromosomas ...

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cell cycle stages in mitosis

Cell cycle stages in mitosis show how a eukaryotic cell copies its DNA and then divides into two daughter cells. The cycle is controlled by regulatory systems and by outside signals that affect cell growth and division. In typical human cells, the full cycle takes about 24 hours and includes two major phases. The first is DNA replication during the S phase of interphase. The second is the mitotic, or M, phase, which includes mitosis and cytokinesis. G1 and G2 are the gap stages between these phases, and they give the cell time to prepare for replication and division.

Mitosis has five stages: prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Cytokinesis may begin during anaphase or telophase, depending on the cell, and it is part of the M phase but not part of mitosis. As mitosis begins in prophase, the replicated chromosomes condense and become visible with the help of condensin proteins. The spindle apparatus starts to form between the duplicated centrosomes, which move to opposite poles. This spindle is made of microtubules, which are built from tubulin proteins, and the nucleolus disappears as the nucleus prepares to break down.

During prometaphase, the chromosomes finish condensing and the nuclear envelope breaks down. This releases the chromosomes into the cell. Some spindle microtubules attach to kinetochores, which are protein structures on the centromere of each pair of sister chromatids. Microtubules from opposite poles capture the sister chromatid pairs. Other microtubules, called polar and astral microtubules, help push the spindle poles apart and anchor them to the cell membrane.

In metaphase, the spindle microtubules line up each pair of fully condensed sister chromatids at the equator of the cell. This position is called the metaphase plate. The cell is then ready to divide. In anaphase, the kinetochore microtubules shorten and pull the sister chromatids apart at the centromere. The cohesion proteins that hold the chromatids together break down. Each chromatid is now a chromosome, and it moves toward an opposite pole.

In telophase, the chromosomes reach the poles and begin to decondense into chromatin. The spindle microtubules also depolymerize into tubulin monomers, which can be used again as cytoskeletal elements in the daughter cells. New nuclear envelopes form around each set of chromosomes. Cytokinesis then divides the cytoplasm. In animal cells, actin filaments form a contractile ring in the plasma membrane and create a cleavage furrow that pinches the cell in two. In plant cells, Golgi vesicles carrying glucose, enzymes, and structural proteins join to form a cell plate at the former metaphase plate. The cell plate fuses with the plasma membranes on both sides and develops into a new cell wall. Mitosis is complete, and the result is two daughter cells identical to the parent cell. In most human cells, mitosis takes about one hour of the 24-hour cell cycle.

Cell Cycle Stages in Mitosis

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key terms and concepts

Learn how the cell cycle leads to mitosis and cytokinesis, from DNA replication and spindle formation to chromosome separation and cell division.

Cell Cycle Stages in Mitosis | JoVE K12

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Cell Cycle Stages in Mitosis

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