Name: recombinant dna in cloning and gmos
Uploaded: 2026-08-26T08:20:51.528Z
Duration: 1 min 34 s
Channel: JoVE

- [Instructor] ADN recombinante
es ADN de fuentes diferentes

normalmente de especies diferentes

combinadas en el laboratorio
para una amplia gama de usos

en investigaci&#xF3;n cl&#xED;nica y cient&#xED;fica.

El ADN recombinante suele
componerse de un gen de inter&#xE9;s,

en este caso la insulina
de un organismo donante

insertada en un vector,

el ADN autorreplicante de otro organismo,

como un virus o un pl&#xE1;smido,

un peque&#xF1;o fragmento
circular de ADN bacteriano.

El ADN de cada fuente se corta primero

por endonucleasas de restricci&#xF3;n,

enzimas que dividen el ADN
en una secuencia concreta.

El ADN donante se une a
los extremos del ADN vector

con la ayuda de la enzima ADN ligasa.

El ADN recombinante se inserta entonces

en un organismo anfitri&#xF3;n,
una bacteria o levadura,

donde se replica, creando muchas
copias del gen de inter&#xE9;s.

As&#xED; el gen puede ser
estudiado con mayor facilidad

o, como en el caso de la insulina,

ser convertido en prote&#xED;na

usando la maquinaria celular del hu&#xE9;sped.

Khan, Suliman, Muhammad Wajid Ullah, Rabeea Siddique, Ghulam Nabi, Sehrish Manan, Muhammad Yousaf y Hongwei Hou. 2016. "El papel de la tecnología del ADN recombinante para mejorar la vida". Revista Internacional de Genómica 2016. [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/2405954" target="__blank">Fuente</a>]

Matsumura, Ichiro. 2015. "Por qué Johnny no puede clonar: trampas comunes y soluciones no tan comunes". BioTechniques 59 (3): IV-XIII. [<a href="https://doi.org/10.2144/000114324" target="__blank">Fuente</a>]

adn recombinante

Recombinant DNA Technology

<h4>Descripci&#xF3;n general</h4> Los cient&#xED;ficos crean ADN recombinante combinando ADN de diferentes fuentes,a menudo, otras especies, en el laboratorio. La clonaci&#xF3;n de ADN permite a los investigadores estudiar genes espec&#xED;ficos insert&#xE1;ndolos en c&#xE9;lulas f&#xE1;cilmente manipulables, como las bacterias. Los organismos que contienen ADN recombinante se conocen como organismos gen&#xE9;ticamente modificados (OGM). La tecnolog&#xED;a del ADN recombinante produce organismos con nuevos genes que pueden beneficiar a la ciencia, la medicina y la agricultura. <h4>&#xBF;C&#xF3;mo crean los cient&#xED;ficos ADN recombinante?</h4> La creaci&#xF3;n de ADN recombinante implica insertar un gen de inter&#xE9;s en un vector,un veh&#xED;culo que transporta ADN extra&#xF1;o a las c&#xE9;lulas hu&#xE9;sped para la replicaci&#xF3;n del ADN y la expresi&#xF3;n de prote&#xED;nas. Los vectores de clonaci&#xF3;n m&#xE1;s utilizados son los pl&#xE1;smidos, peque&#xF1;os trozos circulares de ADN que se replican independientemente del ADN cromos&#xF3;mico del hu&#xE9;sped. Para crear ADN recombinante, tanto el ADN del donante, incluido el gen de inter&#xE9;s, como el vector se cortan en secuencias de nucle&#xF3;tidos espec&#xED;ficas,llamadas sitios de restricci&#xF3;n, utilizando enzimas de restricci&#xF3;n. La enzima ADN ligasa sella la columna vertebral de az&#xFA;car-fosfato donde se conectan el gen de inter&#xE9;s y el pl&#xE1;smido. El resultado es una mol&#xE9;cula de ADN recombinante que est&#xE1; formada por un vector con una pieza integrada de ADN del donante, llamada inserto. Luego, un cient&#xED;fico puede introducir esta mol&#xE9;cula de ADN h&#xED;brida en un organismo hu&#xE9;sped,normalmente bacterias o levaduras, donde se replica f&#xE1;cil y r&#xE1;pidamente. Esto crea muchas copias del gen de inter&#xE9;s, que es necesario para la investigaci&#xF3;n cient&#xED;fica y otras aplicaciones. El gen tambi&#xE9;n puede transcribirse y traducirse a la prote&#xED;na deseada,como la insulina humana, utilizando la maquinaria celular del hu&#xE9;sped. La creaci&#xF3;n de ADN recombinante es un proceso imperfecto y con frecuencia se producen errores. Por ejemplo, el vector puede cerrarse sin la inserci&#xF3;n o la inserci&#xF3;n puede ser incorrecta (por ejemplo, al rev&#xE9;s). Antes de utilizar el ADN recombinante para futuros estudios, los investigadores deben comprobar si hay errores. La secuenciaci&#xF3;n de nucle&#xF3;tidos puede ayudar a identificar colonias de bacterias que transportan pl&#xE1;smidos con el inserto correcto. Los cient&#xED;ficos utilizan ADN recombinante para estudiar genes y prote&#xED;nas La tecnolog&#xED;a del ADN recombinante es particularmente ventajosa cuando un cient&#xED;fico necesita muchas copias de un gen de inter&#xE9;s o de un producto proteico. Sin embargo, la investigaci&#xF3;n de un cient&#xED;fico puede requerir un nivel adicional de complejidad, como la detecci&#xF3;n o purificaci&#xF3;n de la prote&#xED;na deseada. Para lograr este objetivo, un investigador puede adjuntar una etiqueta o indicador,prote&#xED;nas utilizadas para identificar un producto gen&#xE9;tico, a la prote&#xED;na deseada para crear un gen de fusi&#xF3;n o gen quim&#xE9;rico. <h4>Aplicaciones en Medicina y Agricultura</h4> Los cient&#xED;ficos utilizaron por primera vez la tecnolog&#xED;a del ADN recombinante para producir insulina humana en bacterias, lo que dio como resultado un tratamiento para la diabetes. Desde ese descubrimiento inicial, los investigadores han generado otros ADN recombinantes para uso terap&#xE9;utico. Las bacterias recombinantes producen la hormona del crecimiento humano, una prote&#xED;na necesaria para el crecimiento y desarrollo normales, para tratar a pacientes con deficiencia de hormona del crecimiento. Las c&#xE9;lulas recombinantes de mam&#xED;feros, derivadas de humanos y h&#xE1;msteres, producen factor VIII, una prote&#xED;na necesaria para la coagulaci&#xF3;n sangu&#xED;nea normal, para tratar a pacientes con hemofilia. Evidentemente, la tecnolog&#xED;a del ADN recombinante es una poderosa herramienta para la producci&#xF3;n a gran escala de prote&#xED;nas esenciales. Los avances agr&#xED;colas en la tecnolog&#xED;a del ADN recombinante tambi&#xE9;n impactan el bienestar humano. Por ejemplo, los agricultores de ma&#xED;z sufrieron da&#xF1;os sustanciales a sus cosechas debido a la plaga del barrenador europeo del ma&#xED;z. En respuesta, los cient&#xED;ficos aislaron genes de una bacteria que habita en el suelo,Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), para crear ma&#xED;z gen&#xE9;ticamente modificado y resistente a las plagas. Bacillus thuringiensis produce naturalmente prote&#xED;nas que son t&#xF3;xicas para ciertos insectos, pero no para los humanos, las plantas u otros animales. La introducci&#xF3;n de ma&#xED;z Bt resistente a plagas mejor&#xF3; el rendimiento de los cultivos y disminuy&#xF3; el uso de pesticidas qu&#xED;micos. Estas aplicaciones agr&#xED;colas mejoran la calidad y cantidad del suministro mundial de alimentos.

ADN recombinante

Overview

Scientists create recombinant DNA by combining DNA from different sources&#x2014;often, other species&#x2014;in the laboratory. DNA cloning allows ...

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recombinant dna in cloning and gmos

Recombinant DNA is made by joining DNA from different sources in the lab. Scientists often use it to clone genes and study them in cells that are easy to handle, such as bacteria. Organisms that carry recombinant DNA are called genetically modified organisms, or GMOs. This technology gives scientists new tools for research, medicine, and agriculture.

To build recombinant DNA, researchers place a gene of interest into a vector, which is a DNA carrier that moves foreign DNA into a host cell. The most common vectors are plasmids, small circular DNA molecules that copy themselves separately from the cell’s chromosomal DNA. Scientists cut both the donor DNA and the vector at specific restriction sites using restriction enzymes. Then DNA ligase seals the sugar-phosphate backbone where the insert joins the plasmid.

The final product is a recombinant DNA molecule with a vector carrying an inserted piece of donor DNA. Scientists can put this hybrid DNA into a host organism, usually bacteria or yeast. The host then replicates the DNA quickly, making many copies of the gene of interest. In some cases, the host’s machinery also transcribes and translates the gene into a protein, such as human insulin.

Creating recombinant DNA is not always perfect. The vector may close without taking in the insert, or the insert may end up in the wrong direction. Before moving on, researchers check for these errors. Nucleotide sequencing helps them find bacteria colonies that contain plasmids with the correct insert.

Recombinant DNA is useful when scientists need many copies of a gene or a protein product. Some projects need extra steps, such as making the protein easier to detect or purify. For that reason, researchers may attach a tag or reporter protein to create a fusion gene, also called a chimeric gene.

This technology has major uses in medicine and agriculture. Scientists first used recombinant DNA to make human insulin in bacteria for diabetes treatment. They also use recombinant bacteria to produce human growth hormone for growth hormone deficiency. Recombinant mammalian cells, from humans and hamsters, make Factor VIII to treat hemophilia. In agriculture, scientists used genes from Bacillus thuringiensis, or Bt, to create pest-resistant corn. Bt proteins are toxic to certain insects, not humans, plants, or other animals, so Bt corn can improve crop yields and reduce chemical pesticide use.

Recombinant DNA in Cloning and GMOs

what is genetic engineering?

How Scientists Edit DNA for New Traits

Genetic engineering changes an organism’s DNA to add useful traits. Scientists use it in bacteria, plants, animals, and even viruses for research, medicine, agriculture, and industry. It can bring major benefits, but it also raises ethical concerns about humans and the food supply. This work is possible because DNA has the same basic structure and genetic code across life. That shared code lets scientists modify DNA in several ways. One method is CRISPR/Cas9, often called molecular scissors,...

dna isolation

Steps in DNA Extraction

DNA extraction is the process of removing and purifying DNA from cells. It is used in many biotechnology and research applications, including molecular cloning. The main goal is to free DNA from the cell and prepare it for later study or use. The first step is cell lysis, which means breaking cells open. Researchers may use a homogenizer, sonicator, or bead beater to physically lyse the cells. They also often add detergent to chemically disrupt the lipid-based cell membranes. This helps...

recombinant dna technology

Recombinant DNA is made by joining DNA from different sources in the lab. Scientists often use it to clone genes and study them in cells that are easy to handle, such as bacteria. Organisms that carry recombinant DNA are called genetically modified organisms, or GMOs. This technology gives scientists new tools for research, medicine, and agriculture. To build recombinant DNA, researchers place a gene of interest into a vector, which is a DNA carrier that moves foreign DNA into a host cell. The...

PCR Cycle for DNA Amplification

PCR is a laboratory method for making many copies of a DNA segment. It can turn a small amount of DNA into millions or even billions of copies in just a few hours. The process uses a heat-resistant DNA polymerase inside a machine called a thermocycler. PCR was developed by Kary Mullis in 1983, and he received the 1993 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for it. The method is fast, relatively inexpensive, and precise. It has become useful for molecular cloning, gene mutagenesis, pathogen detection, gene...

complementary dna

From mRNA to cDNA for Gene Studies

Complementary DNA, or cDNA, is made from messenger RNA (mRNA) so scientists can study which genes are active in cells and tissues. Only genes that are transcribed into mRNA are expressed. By extracting mRNA from cells, researchers can compare gene expression across samples. cDNA is produced by reverse transcription. This process copies mRNA into DNA, which is useful because mRNA does not contain introns, or non-coding regions, and other regulatory sequences. As a result, cDNA can help...

antibiotic selection

Antibiotic Resistance in Cloning

Antibiotic resistance genes help scientists find bacteria that took up a plasmid with a gene of interest. In genetic engineering, this resistance is used as a marker, not just as a medical concern. The same process also connects to the growing problem of resistant bacteria in the real world. Antibiotics, such as penicillin, stop bacterial growth or kill bacteria. When bacteria naturally have, or are engineered to carry, an antibiotic resistance gene, the antibiotic no longer works on them.

transgenic organisms

Creating Transgenic Plants and Animals

Transgenic organisms are genetically engineered to carry a transgene, which is a gene from a different species, in their genome. The inserted gene may be a new gene for that organism or a different version of one it already has. Scientists usually make transgenes with recombinant DNA and DNA cloning methods. Researchers use transgenic bacteria, plants, and animals to answer biological questions and to build useful tools. To make a transgenic organism, they first choose a transgenesis method,...

in-vitro mutagenesis (gene knockouts)

Knockout Mice and Gene Replacement

Knockout mice help researchers study gene function by showing what happens when a gene is turned off. These engineered animals are also useful for modeling human diseases such as cancer, Parkinson’s disease, and diabetes. A specific gene can be targeted by using a targeting vector, which is a piece of engineered DNA that replaces the normal gene and inactivates it. The vector has matching DNA sequences on both ends. These homologous sequences let the vector swap in for the target gene through...

crispr

CRISPR-Cas9 Gene Editing in Action

CRISPR-Cas9 is a genome editing tool that lets scientists change DNA at a specific location. It can add, remove, or rearrange genetic material. Researchers study it because it may help treat genetic disorders such as hemophilia and sickle cell anemia. CRISPR stands for Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats, and Cas9 is a CRISPR-associated protein 9. The basic system includes a Cas9 endonuclease, which is an enzyme that cuts DNA, and a small RNA that guides Cas9 to the...

gene therapy

Gene Delivery for Serious Diseases

Gene therapy is a technique used to treat serious disease by adding a gene to a person’s cells. The added gene may be a healthy copy of a mutated gene. It may also be a different gene that inactivates or compensates for the disease-causing gene. One example is severe combined immunodeficiency, or SCID, caused by a mutation in the gene for adenosine deaminase. In that case, a working copy of the gene can be inserted so the patient’s cells make the enzyme again. This can cure the disease in some...

embryonic stem cells

How Embryonic Stem Cells Become Specialized

Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent cells that have not yet specialized. Pluripotent means they can give rise to many different cell types in the body. Because of this, they are useful in science and medicine for making cells needed in research or for replacing cells lost to damage or disease. These cells come from the inner cell mass of a blastocyst, which is an early embryo about 3 to 5 days after fertilization in humans. At this stage, the embryo has not yet implanted in the uterus. Human...

adult stem cells

Adult Stem Cells in the Small Intestine

Adult stem cells help maintain tissues by replacing old or damaged cells. These undifferentiated cells divide to make more stem cells or progenitor cells, which then become mature, specialized cells. Small groups of adult stem cells are found in many tissues, including the bone marrow, brain, skin, and gut. The small intestine shows this process clearly. Its lining, called the epithelium, is renewed continuously by adult stem cells. It is also the fastest replaced tissue in the human body,...

induced pluripotent stem cells

Reprogramming Mature Cells into Stem Cells

Reprogramming mature cells into stem cells lets scientists turn specialized cells back into an unspecialized state. These cells are called induced pluripotent stem cells, or iPSCs. Like embryonic stem cells, iPSCs are pluripotent, which means they can form all cell types. To make iPSCs, researchers start with mature cells such as skin fibroblasts or blood cells. The cells are grown in culture, and genes for several transcription factors are delivered with a viral vector. The cells then make...

reproductive cloning

Cloning Animals with SCNT

Reproductive cloning can produce a genetically identical copy of an entire organism. In adult animals, this is usually done with somatic cell nuclear transfer, or SCNT. Another way clones can form is by splitting an early embryo, which is similar to how identical twins arise naturally. In SCNT, an egg cell is taken from an animal and its nucleus is removed. This creates an enucleated egg. A somatic cell, which is any body cell that is not a sex cell, is then taken from the animal to be cloned.

genomics

Genomics and DNA Sequencing

Genomics studies the full set of genetic material in an organism. In humans, that genome includes the DNA carried in 23 pairs of chromosomes in the nucleus, along with mitochondrial DNA. Genomics looks at both coding DNA and non-coding DNA, which helps scientists study how living things are built and how they differ. This field is useful in many areas of biology and medicine. Scientists use genomics to build phylogenetic trees, improve crop productivity and sustainability, help with criminal...

key terms and concepts

See how scientists build recombinant DNA with plasmids, restriction enzymes, and ligase, then use it to make proteins and GMOs in medicine and farming.

Recombinant DNA in Cloning and GMOs | JoVE K12

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Recombinant DNA in Cloning and GMOs

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