Name: creating transgenic plants and animals
Uploaded: 2026-08-26T08:20:38.604Z
Duration: 1 min 26 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Georgia Standards of Excellence

9-12

Biology

SB2.c

Transgenic Organisms

- [Narrador] Los organismos transg&#xE9;nicos

son dise&#xF1;ados gen&#xE9;ticamente

para tener un transg&#xE9;n, un nuevo gen,

muchas veces de otra especie,

insertado en su genoma
para que pueda producir

una prote&#xED;na deseada.

Por ejemplo, las cabras
transg&#xE9;nicas han sido desarrolladas

para producir seda de ara&#xF1;a en su leche,

la cual es despu&#xE9;s usada para fabricar

fibras extraordinariamente fuertes.

La introducci&#xF3;n del transg&#xE9;n

se hace normalmente en las
primeras etapas del desarrollo

tales como el &#xF3;vulo fertilizado

para que se encuentre en todas
las c&#xE9;lulas del organismo,

incluyendo las c&#xE9;lulas sexuales,

tambi&#xE9;n llamadas c&#xE9;lulas germinales.

La incorporaci&#xF3;n en estas
c&#xE9;lulas permite que el transg&#xE9;n

se pase de generaci&#xF3;n en
generaci&#xF3;n a trav&#xE9;s de la crianza,

creando una l&#xED;nea de
organismos transg&#xE9;nicos

que producen la prote&#xED;na extranjera.

Wheeler, M.B. 2013. "Animales transgénicos en la agricultura". Conocimiento de la Educación para la Naturaleza 4 (11): 1. [<a href="https://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/transgenic-animals-in-agriculture-105646080" target="__blank">Fuente</a>]

Yao, Jian, Yunqi Weng, Alexia Dickey y Kevin Yueju Wang. 2015. "Las plantas como fábricas de productos farmacéuticos humanos: aplicaciones y desafíos". Revista Internacional de Ciencias Moleculares 16 (12): 28549–65. [<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms161226122" target="__blank">Fuente</a>]

organismos transgénicos

<h4>Descripci&#xF3;n general</h4> Los organismos transg&#xE9;nicos est&#xE1;n dise&#xF1;ados gen&#xE9;ticamente para transportar transgenes, genes de una especie diferente, como parte de su genoma. El transg&#xE9;n puede ser una versi&#xF3;n diferente de uno de los genes del organismo o un gen que no existe en su genoma. Los transgenes generalmente se generan mediante t&#xE9;cnicas de ADN recombinante y clonaci&#xF3;n de ADN. Las bacterias, plantas y animales transg&#xE9;nicos permiten a los cient&#xED;ficos abordar cuestiones biol&#xF3;gicas y dise&#xF1;ar soluciones pr&#xE1;cticas. <h4>Creando un organismo transg&#xE9;nico</h4> Los cient&#xED;ficos comienzan el proceso de transg&#xE9;nesis,introducir un transg&#xE9;n en el genoma de un organismo, seleccionando una t&#xE9;cnica adecuada. Existen varios m&#xE9;todos biol&#xF3;gicos, qu&#xED;micos y f&#xED;sicos de transg&#xE9;nesis. Un m&#xE9;todo biol&#xF3;gico com&#xFA;n implica la introducci&#xF3;n de ADN extra&#xF1;o mediada por virus en el genoma de una c&#xE9;lula hu&#xE9;sped, lo que se denomina transducci&#xF3;n. Un m&#xE9;todo qu&#xED;mico popular utiliza fosfato de calcio (Ca3(PO4)2). El m&#xE9;todo se basa en la formaci&#xF3;n de un precipitado de Ca3(PO4)2/ADN para facilitar la uni&#xF3;n del ADN a las c&#xE9;lulas y su entrada. Los m&#xE9;todos f&#xED;sicos como la microinyecci&#xF3;n, una t&#xE9;cnica que utiliza una fina aguja de vidrio para insertar manualmente material gen&#xE9;tico en las c&#xE9;lulas, introducen artificialmente el ADN por la fuerza. Una vez dentro de la c&#xE9;lula, un transg&#xE9;n puede integrarse aleatoriamente o en un sitio espec&#xED;fico del genoma con la ayuda de enzimas reparadoras del ADN (es decir, recombinaci&#xF3;n). Estas c&#xE9;lulas transg&#xE9;nicas luego se multiplican y replican el transg&#xE9;n como parte de su genoma, expresando de manera estable el gen de inter&#xE9;s del investigador. Un transg&#xE9;n puede no integrarse en el genoma y, por tanto, inducir s&#xF3;lo una expresi&#xF3;n transitoria del gen de inter&#xE9;s del investigador. Por lo general, se incluye un marcador seleccionable (p. ej., gen de resistencia a antibi&#xF3;ticos) o un gen indicador (p. ej., GFP) junto con el gen de inter&#xE9;s, de modo que puedan identificarse las c&#xE9;lulas con una integraci&#xF3;n transg&#xE9;nica exitosa. <h4>Los transgenes se pueden introducir en animales y plantas</h4> En los animales, el transg&#xE9;n normalmente se inserta en un &#xF3;vulo fertilizado en etapa temprana mediante microinyecci&#xF3;n. La esperanza es que el transg&#xE9;n se integre en las c&#xE9;lulas germinales,c&#xE9;lulas precursoras reproductivas que se convierten en gametos (es decir, &#xF3;vulos o espermatozoides), de modo que se exprese en todas las c&#xE9;lulas del organismo en desarrollo. Adem&#xE1;s, la integraci&#xF3;n de la l&#xED;nea germinal es hereditaria, lo que significa que el transg&#xE9;n puede transmitirse de generaci&#xF3;n en generaci&#xF3;n mediante reproducci&#xF3;n. Los animales transg&#xE9;nicos se retrocruzan,la descendencia se aparea con el padre, para crear l&#xED;neas de animales que sean homocigotos para el transg&#xE9;n. La transg&#xE9;nesis vegetal utiliza habitualmente un m&#xE9;todo biol&#xF3;gico, como la administraci&#xF3;n de vectores bacterianos, para introducir ADN extra&#xF1;o en las c&#xE9;lulas. Rhizobium radiobacter (anteriormente conocido como Agrobacterium tumefaciens) es una bacteria pat&#xF3;gena que habita en el suelo y que puede infectar plantas e integrar su ADN plasm&#xED;dico en el genoma de la planta. Los cient&#xED;ficos han modificado R. radiobacter para que el ADN plasm&#xED;dico pueda transportar un transg&#xE9;n. Se cultivan muestras de tejido vegetal con R. radiobacter para permitir la infecci&#xF3;n y la integraci&#xF3;n del transg&#xE9;n. Estos tejidos se cultivan adicionalmente en medios selectivos que inducen el crecimiento de brotes y ra&#xED;ces hasta que la planta naciente pueda transferirse al suelo. Estas plantas transg&#xE9;nicas se retrocruzan para crear l&#xED;neas de plantas transg&#xE9;nicas de alto rendimiento. <h4>Usos pr&#xE1;cticos de los organismos transg&#xE9;nicos</h4> Los organismos transg&#xE9;nicos tienen muchas aplicaciones en la agricultura, la ciencia, la industria y la medicina. Por ejemplo, se han producido plantas transg&#xE9;nicas que son resistentes a los insectos para aumentar el rendimiento y reducir el uso de pesticidas (por ejemplo, ma&#xED;z Bt); se han dise&#xF1;ado bacterias para su uso en investigaciones biom&#xE9;dicas y para producir biocombustibles; y se han utilizado animales transg&#xE9;nicos para fabricar medicamentos,como prote&#xED;nas humanas, y crear modelos de enfermedades humanas. Los cient&#xED;ficos aprovechan el poder de las plantas, bacterias y animales transg&#xE9;nicos para investigar la expresi&#xF3;n gen&#xE9;tica, crear productos gen&#xE9;ticos deseados o promover rasgos valiosos.

Organismos transgénicos

Overview

Transgenic organisms are genetically engineered to carry transgenes&#x2014;genes from a different species&#x2014;as part of their genome. The ...

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TÉRMINOS Y CONCEPTOS CLAVE

creating transgenic plants and animals

Transgenic organisms are genetically engineered to carry a transgene, which is a gene from a different species, in their genome. The inserted gene may be a new gene for that organism or a different version of one it already has. Scientists usually make transgenes with recombinant DNA and DNA cloning methods.

Researchers use transgenic bacteria, plants, and animals to answer biological questions and to build useful tools. To make a transgenic organism, they first choose a transgenesis method, which is the process of adding a transgene to a genome. Common methods include biological, chemical, and physical approaches.

One biological method is transduction, where a virus carries foreign DNA into a host cell genome. A chemical method uses calcium phosphate, or Ca3(PO4)2, to form a precipitate with DNA that helps the DNA bind to cells and enter them. A physical method is microinjection, which uses a thin glass needle to push genetic material directly into cells.

After DNA enters the cell, the transgene may integrate randomly or at a specific site with help from DNA repair enzymes through recombination. The transgenic cells then divide and copy the transgene as part of their genome. In some cases, the transgene does not integrate, so it only gives temporary expression of the gene of interest.

Scientists often add a selectable marker, such as an antibiotic resistance gene, or a reporter gene, such as GFP, with the gene of interest. These extra genes help identify cells that successfully took up the transgene. In animals, the transgene is usually microinjected into an early fertilized egg so it can enter germ cells, the precursor cells that form egg or sperm.

If the transgene reaches the germ line, it can be expressed in the developing organism and passed to later generations through breeding. Transgenic animals are often backcrossed, which means the offspring are mated with the parent, to make homozygous lines. In plants, scientists often use Rhizobium radiobacter, a soil bacterium formerly called Agrobacterium tumefaciens, to deliver plasmid DNA carrying the transgene into plant cells.

Plant tissues are cultured with R. radiobacter so the bacteria can infect the cells and insert the transgene into the plant genome. The tissues are then grown on selective media that promote shoot and root growth until the new plant can be moved to soil. These transgenic plants are also backcrossed to produce high-yield lines.

Transgenic organisms have many uses in agriculture, science, industry, and medicine. Transgenic plants can be made insect-resistant, such as Bt corn, to raise yield and reduce pesticide use. Engineers also create transgenic bacteria for biomedical research and biofuel production, and transgenic animals can produce medicines, including human proteins, or serve as models of human disease.

Creating Transgenic Plants and Animals

what is genetic engineering?

How Scientists Edit DNA for New Traits

Genetic engineering changes an organism’s DNA to add useful traits. Scientists use it in bacteria, plants, animals, and even viruses for research, medicine, agriculture, and industry. It can bring major benefits, but it also raises ethical concerns about humans and the food supply. This work is possible because DNA has the same basic structure and genetic code across life. That shared code lets scientists modify DNA in several ways. One method is CRISPR/Cas9, often called molecular scissors,...

dna isolation

Steps in DNA Extraction

DNA extraction is the process of removing and purifying DNA from cells. It is used in many biotechnology and research applications, including molecular cloning. The main goal is to free DNA from the cell and prepare it for later study or use. The first step is cell lysis, which means breaking cells open. Researchers may use a homogenizer, sonicator, or bead beater to physically lyse the cells. They also often add detergent to chemically disrupt the lipid-based cell membranes. This helps...

recombinant dna technology

Recombinant DNA in Cloning and GMOs

Recombinant DNA is made by joining DNA from different sources in the lab. Scientists often use it to clone genes and study them in cells that are easy to handle, such as bacteria. Organisms that carry recombinant DNA are called genetically modified organisms, or GMOs. This technology gives scientists new tools for research, medicine, and agriculture. To build recombinant DNA, researchers place a gene of interest into a vector, which is a DNA carrier that moves foreign DNA into a host cell. The...

PCR Cycle for DNA Amplification

PCR is a laboratory method for making many copies of a DNA segment. It can turn a small amount of DNA into millions or even billions of copies in just a few hours. The process uses a heat-resistant DNA polymerase inside a machine called a thermocycler. PCR was developed by Kary Mullis in 1983, and he received the 1993 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for it. The method is fast, relatively inexpensive, and precise. It has become useful for molecular cloning, gene mutagenesis, pathogen detection, gene...

complementary dna

From mRNA to cDNA for Gene Studies

Complementary DNA, or cDNA, is made from messenger RNA (mRNA) so scientists can study which genes are active in cells and tissues. Only genes that are transcribed into mRNA are expressed. By extracting mRNA from cells, researchers can compare gene expression across samples. cDNA is produced by reverse transcription. This process copies mRNA into DNA, which is useful because mRNA does not contain introns, or non-coding regions, and other regulatory sequences. As a result, cDNA can help...

antibiotic selection

Antibiotic Resistance in Cloning

Antibiotic resistance genes help scientists find bacteria that took up a plasmid with a gene of interest. In genetic engineering, this resistance is used as a marker, not just as a medical concern. The same process also connects to the growing problem of resistant bacteria in the real world. Antibiotics, such as penicillin, stop bacterial growth or kill bacteria. When bacteria naturally have, or are engineered to carry, an antibiotic resistance gene, the antibiotic no longer works on them.

transgenic organisms

Transgenic organisms are genetically engineered to carry a transgene, which is a gene from a different species, in their genome. The inserted gene may be a new gene for that organism or a different version of one it already has. Scientists usually make transgenes with recombinant DNA and DNA cloning methods. Researchers use transgenic bacteria, plants, and animals to answer biological questions and to build useful tools. To make a transgenic organism, they first choose a transgenesis method,...

in-vitro mutagenesis (gene knockouts)

Knockout Mice and Gene Replacement

Knockout mice help researchers study gene function by showing what happens when a gene is turned off. These engineered animals are also useful for modeling human diseases such as cancer, Parkinson’s disease, and diabetes. A specific gene can be targeted by using a targeting vector, which is a piece of engineered DNA that replaces the normal gene and inactivates it. The vector has matching DNA sequences on both ends. These homologous sequences let the vector swap in for the target gene through...

crispr

CRISPR-Cas9 Gene Editing in Action

CRISPR-Cas9 is a genome editing tool that lets scientists change DNA at a specific location. It can add, remove, or rearrange genetic material. Researchers study it because it may help treat genetic disorders such as hemophilia and sickle cell anemia. CRISPR stands for Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats, and Cas9 is a CRISPR-associated protein 9. The basic system includes a Cas9 endonuclease, which is an enzyme that cuts DNA, and a small RNA that guides Cas9 to the...

gene therapy

Gene Delivery for Serious Diseases

Gene therapy is a technique used to treat serious disease by adding a gene to a person’s cells. The added gene may be a healthy copy of a mutated gene. It may also be a different gene that inactivates or compensates for the disease-causing gene. One example is severe combined immunodeficiency, or SCID, caused by a mutation in the gene for adenosine deaminase. In that case, a working copy of the gene can be inserted so the patient’s cells make the enzyme again. This can cure the disease in some...

embryonic stem cells

How Embryonic Stem Cells Become Specialized

Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent cells that have not yet specialized. Pluripotent means they can give rise to many different cell types in the body. Because of this, they are useful in science and medicine for making cells needed in research or for replacing cells lost to damage or disease. These cells come from the inner cell mass of a blastocyst, which is an early embryo about 3 to 5 days after fertilization in humans. At this stage, the embryo has not yet implanted in the uterus. Human...

adult stem cells

Adult Stem Cells in the Small Intestine

Adult stem cells help maintain tissues by replacing old or damaged cells. These undifferentiated cells divide to make more stem cells or progenitor cells, which then become mature, specialized cells. Small groups of adult stem cells are found in many tissues, including the bone marrow, brain, skin, and gut. The small intestine shows this process clearly. Its lining, called the epithelium, is renewed continuously by adult stem cells. It is also the fastest replaced tissue in the human body,...

induced pluripotent stem cells

Reprogramming Mature Cells into Stem Cells

Reprogramming mature cells into stem cells lets scientists turn specialized cells back into an unspecialized state. These cells are called induced pluripotent stem cells, or iPSCs. Like embryonic stem cells, iPSCs are pluripotent, which means they can form all cell types. To make iPSCs, researchers start with mature cells such as skin fibroblasts or blood cells. The cells are grown in culture, and genes for several transcription factors are delivered with a viral vector. The cells then make...

reproductive cloning

Cloning Animals with SCNT

Reproductive cloning can produce a genetically identical copy of an entire organism. In adult animals, this is usually done with somatic cell nuclear transfer, or SCNT. Another way clones can form is by splitting an early embryo, which is similar to how identical twins arise naturally. In SCNT, an egg cell is taken from an animal and its nucleus is removed. This creates an enucleated egg. A somatic cell, which is any body cell that is not a sex cell, is then taken from the animal to be cloned.

genomics

Genomics and DNA Sequencing

Genomics studies the full set of genetic material in an organism. In humans, that genome includes the DNA carried in 23 pairs of chromosomes in the nucleus, along with mitochondrial DNA. Genomics looks at both coding DNA and non-coding DNA, which helps scientists study how living things are built and how they differ. This field is useful in many areas of biology and medicine. Scientists use genomics to build phylogenetic trees, improve crop productivity and sustainability, help with criminal...

key terms and concepts

Learn how scientists make transgenic plants, bacteria, and animals using microinjection, bacteria, and other methods to study genes and create useful traits.

Creating Transgenic Plants and Animals | JoVE K12

JoVE Core series brings biology to life through over 300 concise and easy-to-understand animated video lessons that explain key concepts in biology, plus more than 150 scientist-in-action videos that show actual research experiments conducted in today’s laboratories.

biology

JoVE Core Biología da vida a la biología a través de una serie con más de 300 lecciones de vídeo animadas, concisas y fáciles de entender, que explican conceptos clave de la biología, incluyendo también más de 150 vídeos de científicos en acción, que muestran experimentos reales realizados en laboratorios actuales de investigación.

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Construct an explanation of how the structures of DNA and RNA lead to the expression of information within the cell via the processes of replication, transcription, and translation

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Crossing over

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DNA replication is a well-evolved process that copies millions of base pairs with high fidelity during each cell division. Occasionally a wrong base or a ...

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SB2.b

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Creating Transgenic Plants and Animals

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