Name: cloning animals with scnt
Uploaded: 2019-03-11T09:21:22.000Z
Duration: 1 min 27 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Tennessee Academic Standards

High School

Biology

links-among-engineering-technology-science-and-society

Links Among Engineering, Technology, Science, and Society

BIO1.ETS2.3

Reproductive Cloning

- [Narrador] La reproducción
clonal es la producción de

una copia genéticamente idéntica,
un clon de un organismo.

La oveja Dolly, producida
en 1996 fue el primer clon

de un animal adulto, pero
muchas otras especies

se han clonado desde entonces,
incluyendo perros y gatos.

El método más común para
clonar animales adultos es

la transferencia nuclear de
células somáticas (TNCS).

Primero, el núcleo se
remueve de un ovocito,

luego una célula somática,
como una célula de la piel,

se toma del animal que será clonado.

El núcleo, que contiene ADN
cromosómico, es removido

e inyectado al huevo.

El huevo es estimulado para
dividirse por tratamiento

químico o eléctrico, y forma un embrión,

el cual es implantado dentro
del útero de una hembra adulta,

donde continua desarrollándose
hasta el nacimiento.

El clon resultante tiene
ADN cromosómico idéntico

al animal original, pero
el ADN mitocondrial es

diferente, pues la mitocondria viene

del citoplasma del huevo,

usualmente de un individuo diferente.

También hay diferencias
fenotípicas entre el clon

y el original que pueden
ocurrir debido al ambiente

y factores epigenéticos
durante el desarrollo.

Tal y como gemelos idénticos
son ligeramente diferentes

uno del otro, aún siendo
que tienen el mismo ADN.

Ayala, Francisco J. "¿Clonación de seres humanos? Consideraciones biológicas, éticas y sociales." Actas de la Academia Nacional de Ciencias de los Estados Unidos de América 112, no. 29 (21 de julio de 2015): 8879–86. [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1501798112" target="__blank">Fuente</a>]
Keefer, Carol L. "Clonación artificial de animales domésticos". Actas de la Academia Nacional de Ciencias de los Estados Unidos de América 112, n.º 29 (21 de julio de 2015): 8874–78. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1501718112" target="__blank">https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1501718112</a>.

la clonación reproductiva

La clonación reproductiva es el proceso de producir una copia genéticamente idéntica,un clon, de un organismo completo. Si bien se pueden producir clones dividiendo un embrión temprano,similar a lo que sucede naturalmente con los gemelos idénticos, la clonación de animales adultos generalmente se realiza mediante un proceso llamado transferencia nuclear de células somáticas (SCNT). <h4>Transferencia nuclear de células somáticas</h4> En la SCNT, se toma un óvulo de un animal y se le extrae el núcleo, creando un óvulo enucleado. Luego se toma una célula somática,cualquier célula que no sea sexual, del animal para ser clonada. Luego, el núcleo de la célula somática se transfiere al óvulo enucleado,ya sea mediante inyección directa o mediante fusión de la célula somática con el óvulo mediante una corriente eléctrica. El óvulo contiene ahora el núcleo, con el ADN cromosómico, del animal que se va a clonar. Se estimula para que se divida, formando un embrión, que luego se implanta en el útero de una madre sustituta. Si todo va bien, se desarrolla con normalidad y nace el clon. Aunque este proceso se ha utilizado para clonar con éxito muchos tipos diferentes de animales,incluidas ovejas, vacas, mulas, conejos y perros, su tasa de éxito es baja y solo un pequeño porcentaje de embriones sobrevive hasta el nacimiento. Los animales clonados que sobreviven hasta el nacimiento también parecen envejecer y morir prematuramente. Esto se debe a que su ADN proviene de células adultas que han sufrido un acortamiento de los telómeros, pérdida de una pequeña porción de los extremos protectores de los cromosomas con cada división celular, como parte del proceso normal de envejecimiento. Si bien el ADN cromosómico del clon es el mismo que el del núcleo donante, este puede tener diferente ADN mitocondrial, ya que las mitocondrias provienen del citoplasma del óvulo, que suele ser de otro animal diferente. Además, pueden ocurrir diferencias fenotípicas entre el clon y el animal original, debido a factores ambientales y epigenéticos. Por ejemplo, el primer gato clonado, Cc, tenía un aspecto muy diferente del gato original, porque el patrón del pelaje se debe a la inactivación aleatoria del cromosoma X en diferentes células. A pesar de los desafíos técnicos, la clonación reproductiva tiene muchos usos potenciales, incluida la producción de animales de investigación genéticamente idénticos, ganado con los rasgos deseados y crías de especies en peligro de extinción. Incluso tiene aplicaciones potenciales en la infertilidad y las enfermedades humanas, aunque aún no se ha realizado la clonación de humanos y plantearía preocupaciones éticas.

La clonación reproductiva

La clonación reproductiva es el proceso de producir una copia genéticamente idéntica (un clon) de un organismo completo. Si bien los clones pueden ser producidos por ...

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KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

TÉRMINOS Y CONCEPTOS CLAVE

cloning animals with scnt

Reproductive cloning can produce a genetically identical copy of an entire organism. In adult animals, this is usually done with somatic cell nuclear transfer, or SCNT. Another way clones can form is by splitting an early embryo, which is similar to how identical twins arise naturally.

In SCNT, an egg cell is taken from an animal and its nucleus is removed. This creates an enucleated egg. A somatic cell, which is any body cell that is not a sex cell, is then taken from the animal to be cloned. The nucleus from that cell is placed into the enucleated egg by direct injection or by fusing the cells with an electrical current.

The egg now contains the chromosomal DNA of the animal being cloned. It is stimulated to divide and form an embryo. That embryo is then implanted into the uterus of a surrogate mother. If development proceeds normally, the clone is born.

This method has been used to clone many animals, including sheep, cows, mules, rabbits, and dogs. Even so, the success rate is low, and only a small percentage of embryos survive to birth. Clones that do survive may age and die early because the DNA comes from adult cells that already show telomere shortening, which is the loss of protective chromosome ends during cell division.

A clone has the same chromosomal DNA as the nucleus donor, but it may have different mitochondrial DNA. That is because mitochondria come from the egg cell cytoplasm, which usually comes from a different animal. Clones can also look different from the original animal because of environmental and epigenetic effects. The first cloned cat, Cc, is one example, since coat pattern depends on random X-chromosome inactivation in different cells.

Despite these challenges, reproductive cloning may be useful for making genetically identical research animals, livestock with desired traits, and offspring of endangered species. It may also have possible uses in human infertility and disease. However, humans have not been cloned, and doing so would raise ethical concerns.

Cloning Animals with SCNT

what is genetic engineering?

How Scientists Edit DNA for New Traits

Genetic engineering changes an organism’s DNA to add useful traits. Scientists use it in bacteria, plants, animals, and even viruses for research, medicine, agriculture, and industry. It can bring major benefits, but it also raises ethical concerns about humans and the food supply. This work is possible because DNA has the same basic structure and genetic code across life. That shared code lets scientists modify DNA in several ways. One method is CRISPR/Cas9, often called molecular scissors,...

dna isolation

Steps in DNA Extraction

DNA extraction is the process of removing and purifying DNA from cells. It is used in many biotechnology and research applications, including molecular cloning. The main goal is to free DNA from the cell and prepare it for later study or use. The first step is cell lysis, which means breaking cells open. Researchers may use a homogenizer, sonicator, or bead beater to physically lyse the cells. They also often add detergent to chemically disrupt the lipid-based cell membranes. This helps...

recombinant dna technology

Recombinant DNA in Cloning and GMOs

Recombinant DNA is made by joining DNA from different sources in the lab. Scientists often use it to clone genes and study them in cells that are easy to handle, such as bacteria. Organisms that carry recombinant DNA are called genetically modified organisms, or GMOs. This technology gives scientists new tools for research, medicine, and agriculture. To build recombinant DNA, researchers place a gene of interest into a vector, which is a DNA carrier that moves foreign DNA into a host cell. The...

PCR Cycle for DNA Amplification

PCR is a laboratory method for making many copies of a DNA segment. It can turn a small amount of DNA into millions or even billions of copies in just a few hours. The process uses a heat-resistant DNA polymerase inside a machine called a thermocycler. PCR was developed by Kary Mullis in 1983, and he received the 1993 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for it. The method is fast, relatively inexpensive, and precise. It has become useful for molecular cloning, gene mutagenesis, pathogen detection, gene...

complementary dna

From mRNA to cDNA for Gene Studies

Complementary DNA, or cDNA, is made from messenger RNA (mRNA) so scientists can study which genes are active in cells and tissues. Only genes that are transcribed into mRNA are expressed. By extracting mRNA from cells, researchers can compare gene expression across samples. cDNA is produced by reverse transcription. This process copies mRNA into DNA, which is useful because mRNA does not contain introns, or non-coding regions, and other regulatory sequences. As a result, cDNA can help...

antibiotic selection

Antibiotic Resistance in Cloning

Antibiotic resistance genes help scientists find bacteria that took up a plasmid with a gene of interest. In genetic engineering, this resistance is used as a marker, not just as a medical concern. The same process also connects to the growing problem of resistant bacteria in the real world. Antibiotics, such as penicillin, stop bacterial growth or kill bacteria. When bacteria naturally have, or are engineered to carry, an antibiotic resistance gene, the antibiotic no longer works on them.

transgenic organisms

Creating Transgenic Plants and Animals

Transgenic organisms are genetically engineered to carry a transgene, which is a gene from a different species, in their genome. The inserted gene may be a new gene for that organism or a different version of one it already has. Scientists usually make transgenes with recombinant DNA and DNA cloning methods. Researchers use transgenic bacteria, plants, and animals to answer biological questions and to build useful tools. To make a transgenic organism, they first choose a transgenesis method,...

in-vitro mutagenesis (gene knockouts)

Knockout Mice and Gene Replacement

Knockout mice help researchers study gene function by showing what happens when a gene is turned off. These engineered animals are also useful for modeling human diseases such as cancer, Parkinson’s disease, and diabetes. A specific gene can be targeted by using a targeting vector, which is a piece of engineered DNA that replaces the normal gene and inactivates it. The vector has matching DNA sequences on both ends. These homologous sequences let the vector swap in for the target gene through...

crispr

CRISPR-Cas9 Gene Editing in Action

CRISPR-Cas9 is a genome editing tool that lets scientists change DNA at a specific location. It can add, remove, or rearrange genetic material. Researchers study it because it may help treat genetic disorders such as hemophilia and sickle cell anemia. CRISPR stands for Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats, and Cas9 is a CRISPR-associated protein 9. The basic system includes a Cas9 endonuclease, which is an enzyme that cuts DNA, and a small RNA that guides Cas9 to the...

gene therapy

Gene Delivery for Serious Diseases

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embryonic stem cells

How Embryonic Stem Cells Become Specialized

Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent cells that have not yet specialized. Pluripotent means they can give rise to many different cell types in the body. Because of this, they are useful in science and medicine for making cells needed in research or for replacing cells lost to damage or disease. These cells come from the inner cell mass of a blastocyst, which is an early embryo about 3 to 5 days after fertilization in humans. At this stage, the embryo has not yet implanted in the uterus. Human...

adult stem cells

Adult Stem Cells in the Small Intestine

Adult stem cells help maintain tissues by replacing old or damaged cells. These undifferentiated cells divide to make more stem cells or progenitor cells, which then become mature, specialized cells. Small groups of adult stem cells are found in many tissues, including the bone marrow, brain, skin, and gut. The small intestine shows this process clearly. Its lining, called the epithelium, is renewed continuously by adult stem cells. It is also the fastest replaced tissue in the human body,...

induced pluripotent stem cells

Reprogramming Mature Cells into Stem Cells

Reprogramming mature cells into stem cells lets scientists turn specialized cells back into an unspecialized state. These cells are called induced pluripotent stem cells, or iPSCs. Like embryonic stem cells, iPSCs are pluripotent, which means they can form all cell types. To make iPSCs, researchers start with mature cells such as skin fibroblasts or blood cells. The cells are grown in culture, and genes for several transcription factors are delivered with a viral vector. The cells then make...

reproductive cloning

Reproductive cloning can produce a genetically identical copy of an entire organism. In adult animals, this is usually done with somatic cell nuclear transfer, or SCNT. Another way clones can form is by splitting an early embryo, which is similar to how identical twins arise naturally. In SCNT, an egg cell is taken from an animal and its nucleus is removed. This creates an enucleated egg. A somatic cell, which is any body cell that is not a sex cell, is then taken from the animal to be cloned.

genomics

Genomics and DNA Sequencing

Genomics studies the full set of genetic material in an organism. In humans, that genome includes the DNA carried in 23 pairs of chromosomes in the nucleus, along with mitochondrial DNA. Genomics looks at both coding DNA and non-coding DNA, which helps scientists study how living things are built and how they differ. This field is useful in many areas of biology and medicine. Scientists use genomics to build phylogenetic trees, improve crop productivity and sustainability, help with criminal...

key terms and concepts

Explore how somatic cell nuclear transfer creates cloned animals, why success is limited, and how cloning may support research, agriculture, and conservation.

Cloning Animals with SCNT | JoVE K12

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Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information on how molecular biotechnology may be used in a variety of fields.
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BIO1.ETS2.1

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Investigate means by which karyotypes are utilized in diagnostic medicine.
EXPLANATION: Engineers incorporate growing scientific knowledge in order to increase benefits to humans and decrease cost and risks. Karyotyping technology and its use in medical diagnosis can complement the standards from LS3: Hereditary: Inheritance, and Variation of Traits, as the students are learning about chromosomal organization of genomic information that determines one's phenotype. Analyze a large set of karyotypes to identify common patterns. Identify variations from the most commonly observed patterns and correlate them with patient phenotypes to propose a cause and effect relationship, discussing limitations of correlative data interpretation.

BIO1.ETS2.2

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Cloning Animals with SCNT

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