Name: nervous system parts and control
Uploaded: 2019-03-11T09:21:26.000Z
Duration: 1 min 25 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Next Generation Science Standards

High School

Life Science

from-molecules-to-organisms-structures-and-processes

From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes

HS-LS1-2

What is a Nervous System?

- [Narrador] El sistema nervioso

le permite a una persona a
detectar el mundo externo

y tener respuestas apropiadas hacia él.

Además, controla las funciones

desde la respiración hasta
el razonamiento avanzado.

El sistema se divide en dos partes,

el sistema nervioso centrar o SNC

que contiene el cerebro
y la columna vertebral

y el sistema nervioso periférico, el SNP,

que incluye los nervios que
se transportan entre el SNC

y el resto del cuerpo.

El cerebro se subdivide en areas

que tienen distintas funciones

como procesar información visual

o coordinar movimientos,

pero también está
altamente interconectado,

lo que permite la integración
de la información.

Como el resto del sistema nervioso,

el cerebro está compuesto de neuronas,

células que generan y
transmiten señales neuronales

y glia, células que ayudan
al funcionamiento neuronal.

Debajo del cerebro está
la columna vertebral,

el tejido del SNC se extiende
hacia el canal vertebral.

Le facilita las señales
entre el cerebro y el SNP

y también controla algunas
funciones básicas como reflejos.

En el SNP, los nervios y
grupos de axones neuronales

transmiten instrucciones a
los músculos esqueléticos

para controlar el movimiento

y a órganos internos para
regular funciones automáticas

como la digestión.

Los nervios también transportan
información sensorial desde

células receptoras como
aquellas en la piel que detectan

el tacto hasta el SNC que la analiza.

Purves, Dale, George J. Augustine, David Fitzpatrick, Lawrence C. Katz, Anthony-Samuel LaMantia, James O. McNamara y S. Mark Williams. "Sistemas Neuronales". Neurociencia. 2ª Edición, 2001. [<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK11061/" target="__blank">Fuente</a>]

¿qué es un sistema nervioso?

<h4>Descripción general</h4> El sistema nervioso es el conjunto de células especializadas responsables de mantener el ambiente interno de un organismo y coordinar la interacción de un organismo con el mundo externo, desde el control de funciones esenciales como la frecuencia cardíaca y la respiración hasta el movimiento necesario para escapar del peligro. <h4>Partes del sistema nervioso</h4> El sistema nervioso de los vertebrados se divide en dos partes principales: el sistema nervioso central (SNC) y el sistema nervioso periférico (SNP). El SNC incluye el cerebro, la médula espinal y la retina, el tejido sensorial del sistema visual. El SNP contiene las células receptoras sensoriales para todos los demás sistemas sensoriales, como los receptores del tacto en la piel, así como los nervios que transportan información entre el SNC y el resto del cuerpo. Además, parte tanto del SNC como del SNP contribuyen al sistema nervioso autónomo (también conocido como sistema motor visceral). El sistema nervioso autónomo controla los músculos lisos, los músculos cardíacos y las glándulas que gobiernan acciones involuntarias, como la digestión. El cerebro de los vertebrados se divide principalmente en el cerebro, cerebelo y el tronco del encéfalo. El cerebro es la parte más grande y anterior del cerebro y se divide en hemisferios izquierdo y derecho. Cada hemisferio se divide a su vez en cuatro lóbulos: frontal, parietal, occipital y temporal. La capa más externa del cerebro se llama corteza y participa en el procesamiento de información sensorial compleja y la mayoría de las funciones cognitivas. En lo más profundo del cerebro se encuentran otros componentes críticos, incluidos el hipocampo, el hipotálamo, el tálamo y los ganglios basales. El cerebelo (el “pequeño cerebro”) está ubicado posterior y debajo del cerebro y es responsable de coordinar el movimiento de los músculos. El tronco del encéfalo conecta el cerebro con la médula espinal y tiene centros importantes para funciones vitales como respirar y tragar. La médula espinal se encuentra debajo del cerebro y se continúa con el tronco del encéfalo. Contiene los cuerpos celulares neuronales y haces de axones que conectan el cerebro y diferentes partes del cuerpo. Además de ser un conducto fundamental de información, la médula espinal puede realizar algunas funciones sin intervención del cerebro, como la locomoción y otros reflejos. Los nervios del SNP transportan órdenes motoras desde el SNC a los músculos e información sensorial desde las células receptoras al SNC para su interpretación. Además del movimiento de los músculos esqueléticos, los nervios regulan la actividad de órganos internos como los pulmones y los intestinos a través de las divisiones simpáticas y parasimpáticas del sistema nervioso autónomo. <h4>Células del sistema nervioso</h4> Dos tipos principales de células componen el sistema nervioso: las neuronas y las células gliales. Las neuronas son los pesos pesados del SNC, son responsables de comunicarse entre sí y de transportar información desde y hacia el sistema nervioso al resto del cuerpo. Se estima que el cerebro humano contiene alrededor de 100 mil millones de neuronas y la asombrosa cifra de 100 billones de conexiones entre ellas. Vienen en muchas morfologías diferentes y realizan una amplia gama de funciones. Las neuronas utilizan una variedad de neuroquímicos y iones para comunicarse en uniones llamadas sinapsis. El otro tipo principal de células del sistema nervioso forma parte de un grupo llamado células gliales. Incluyen un grupo diverso de células que contribuyen a la función de las neuronas y aproximadamente igualan la cantidad de neuronas en el cerebro. Los principales tipos de células gliales incluyen astrocitos, microglia, oligodendrocitos y células ependimarias en el SNC. Las células de Schwann y las células satélite se encuentran en el SNP. <h4>La salud mental es una preocupación mundial</h4> El sistema nervioso gobierna prácticamente todas las experiencias que tenemos, y su alteración debido a un trauma, una enfermedad, la genética o la exposición a sustancias químicas nocivas puede tener graves consecuencias para la salud y la calidad de vida. Las afecciones de salud mental que se derivan de tales efectos son notablemente comunes en todo el mundo. El aumento de nuestra comprensión de los trastornos neurológicos y del neurodesarrollo continúa brindando tratamientos y terapias potenciales para muchas personas que padecen afecciones de salud mental. La Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) y los Institutos Nacionales de Salud Mental (N.I.M.H) de EE. UU., entre otras organizaciones, brindan recursos valiosos para estudiar estas afecciones y rastrear su impacto en la sociedad.

¿Qué es un sistema nervioso?

Visión general

El sistema nervioso es el conjunto de células especializadas responsables de mantener el entorno interno de un organismo y coordinar ...

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Biology

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Sistema nervioso

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

TÉRMINOS Y CONCEPTOS CLAVE

nervous system parts and control

The nervous system is a network of specialized cells that keeps the body working and helps it respond to the world around it. It controls essential functions such as heart rate and breathing. It also supports movement that helps an organism escape danger.

In vertebrates, the nervous system has two major parts: the central nervous system, or CNS, and the peripheral nervous system, or PNS. The CNS includes the brain, spinal cord, and retina, which is the sensory tissue of the visual system. The PNS includes sensory receptor cells for the other sensory systems, such as touch receptors in the skin, and the nerves that carry information between the CNS and the rest of the body.

Part of both the CNS and PNS also contributes to the autonomic nervous system, also called the visceral motor system. This system controls smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands. It helps govern involuntary actions such as digestion.

The vertebrate brain is divided into the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem. The cerebrum is the largest and most anterior part of the brain. It has left and right hemispheres, and each hemisphere is divided into the frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes. The outer layer of the cerebrum is the cortex, which processes complex sensory information and many cognitive functions. Deeper brain regions include the hippocampus, hypothalamus, thalamus, and basal ganglia.

The cerebellum, sometimes called the little brain, sits behind and below the cerebrum. It helps coordinate muscle movement. The brainstem connects the brain to the spinal cord and contains important centers for vital functions such as breathing and swallowing. The spinal cord lies below the brain and continues from the brainstem. It contains neuronal cell bodies and axon bundles that connect the brain with the body. It can also carry out some functions without input from the brain, including locomotion and other reflexes.

Nerves in the PNS carry motor commands from the CNS to muscles and sensory information from receptor cells back to the CNS for interpretation. They also help regulate internal organs such as the lungs and intestines through the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system.

Two main cell types make up the nervous system: neurons and glial cells. Neurons carry information between nervous system regions and between the nervous system and the rest of the body. The human brain is estimated to contain about 100 billion neurons and about 100 trillion connections between them. Neurons come in many shapes and use neurochemicals and ions to communicate at synapses, which are junctions between cells.

Glial cells are the other major cell type. They support neuron function and are about as numerous as neurons in the brain. Major glial cells in the CNS include astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes, and ependymal cells. In the PNS, Schwann cells and satellite cells perform related support roles.

Because the nervous system affects nearly every experience, damage from trauma, disease, genetics, or harmful chemicals can strongly affect health and quality of life. Problems in this system are linked to many mental health conditions around the world. Research on neurological and neurodevelopmental disorders continues to guide possible treatments and therapies. Organizations such as the World Health Organization and the National Institute of Mental Health help study these conditions and track their impact on society.

Nervous System Parts and Control

what is a nervous system?

The nervous system is a network of specialized cells that keeps the body working and helps it respond to the world around it. It controls essential functions such as heart rate and breathing. It also supports movement that helps an organism escape danger. In vertebrates, the nervous system has two major parts: the central nervous system, or CNS, and the peripheral nervous system, or PNS. The CNS includes the brain, spinal cord, and retina, which is the sensory tissue of the visual system. The...

the parasympathetic nervous system

Rest and Digest: Parasympathetic Control

The parasympathetic nervous system helps the body stay calm and return to a rested state. It is one of the two major divisions of the autonomic nervous system, which controls many unconscious functions such as heart rate and digestion. Its neurons are found in the brain and the peripheral nervous system, and they send axons to muscles, organs, and glands. This system is often called the “rest and digest” system because it supports body processes that restore homeostasis. It is most active...

the sympathetic nervous system

Sympathetic Stress Response and Body Changes

The sympathetic nervous system helps the body respond to stress and danger. It is one of the two main divisions of the autonomic nervous system. When it turns on, it prepares the body for action and puts lower-priority functions, such as digestion, on hold. This response is often called the fight-or-flight system. A surprise exam can trigger it, and students may notice a tight stomach, a dry mouth, and a fast heartbeat. In a real threat, the system shifts blood away from the digestive system...

the blood-brain barrier

How the Blood-Brain Barrier Works

The blood-brain barrier is a specialized system of blood vessels that helps control what enters the brain. It delivers nutrients from the blood while tightly regulating ions, molecules, pathogens, and other substances. This semipermeable barrier protects the brain and also makes it harder to deliver some therapies. The blood-brain barrier includes several cellular parts, especially endothelial cells and astrocytes. These cells share a common basement membrane and regulate movement between the...

neuron structure

How Neurons Send Signals

Neurons send signals through a clear set of structures that let them receive, process, and pass on information. They are the main cells of the nervous system and use electrochemical signals to communicate. Neurons also talk to other cells through neurotransmitters at junctions called synapses. Most neurons share three main parts: a cell body, also called the soma, dendrites, and an axon. The soma holds the nucleus and other organelles needed for cell function. Dendrites usually receive...

glial cells

Glial Cells and Nervous System Support

Glial cells support the nervous system and work alongside neurons. They are one of the two main cell types in the nervous system. Unlike neurons, glia do not send electrical signals, but they help with nearly every other part of nervous system function. In humans, glial cells are about as numerous as neurons in the brain. In the central nervous system, glia include astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, and ependymal cells. Astrocytes are the most common glial cells. They form organized,...

action potentials

How Nerve Signals Travel in Axons

Neurons send signals through action potentials, the rapid electrical changes that move along the axon. These signals lead to neurotransmitter release at axon terminals, which passes information through the nervous system. An action potential is an all-or-none change in membrane potential, the voltage across a cell membrane. A neuron usually has a resting membrane potential of about -70 millivolts. When it receives signals from neurotransmitters or sensory input, the membrane can become more...

the resting membrane potential

How Neurons Keep a Negative Resting Charge

Neurons keep a negative resting charge across their membrane. This electrical difference, called the membrane potential, comes from how ions move and how the membrane lets them pass. In a resting neuron, the inside is typically around -70 millivolts and is more negative than the outside, so the cell is polarized. Two main factors create this resting state. First, the membrane is selectively permeable, which means most ions and molecules cannot cross the lipid bilayer without help from ion...

long-term potentiation

Synaptic Strengthening in Learning and Memory

Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is a form of synaptic strengthening in the brain. It changes the strength of chemical synapses over time between pre- and postsynaptic neurons. LTP works against long-term depression, or LTD, which weakens synapses. Together, LTP and LTD are major mechanisms behind learning and memory. LTP can happen when a presynaptic neuron fires again and again and keeps stimulating a postsynaptic neuron. This is called Hebbian LTP, based on Donald Hebb’s idea that neurons...

long-term depression

Synaptic Pruning in Long-term Depression

Long-term depression, or LTD, is a form of synaptic plasticity that weakens chemical synapses over time. It acts between presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons. LTD works in opposition to long-term potentiation, or LTP, which strengthens synapses. Together, LTD and LTP are two of the main mechanisms behind learning and memory. LTD helps the brain avoid staying locked in a fully strengthened state. If synapses were always maximally strengthened, the brain would become less efficient and it would...

the synapse

How Neurons Signal at Synapses

Neurons communicate through synapses, the points where two neurons meet to pass on signals. At a synapse, the sending neuron is the presynaptic cell, and the receiving neuron is the postsynaptic cell. Most neurons can serve in both roles because they send and receive information. Electrical synapses move signals directly between cells. The presynaptic and postsynaptic cells are linked by gap junctions, which are proteins that physically connect them. This type of synapse can pass electrical...

key terms and concepts

Explore how the nervous system is organized, how neurons and glial cells work, and how the brain, spinal cord, and nerves control body functions.

Nervous System Parts and Control | JoVE K12

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New York State Science Learning Standards

Structure and Function

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Protein Complexes with Interchangeable Parts

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Construct an explanation based on evidence for how the structure of DNA determines the structure of proteins, which carry out the essential functions of life through systems of specialized cells. [Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include identification of specific cell or tissue types, whole body systems, specific protein structures and functions, or the biochemistry of protein synthesis.]

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Anatomy of the Intestines

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Carbohydrate Digestion

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Overview

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Overview

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Oogenesis

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Develop and use a model to illustrate the hierarchical organization of interacting systems that provide specific functions within multicellular organisms. [Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on functions at the organism system level such as nutrient uptake, water delivery, and organism movement in response to neural stimuli. An example of an interacting system could be an artery depending on the proper function of elastic tissue and smooth muscle to regulate and deliver the proper amount of blood within the circulatory system.] [Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include interactions and functions at the molecular or chemical reaction level.]

What is Homeostasis?

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Plan and conduct an investigation to provide evidence that feedback mechanisms maintain homeostasis. [Clarification Statement: Examples of investigations could include heart rate response to exercise, stomate response to moisture and temperature, and root development in response to water levels.] [Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include the cellular processes involved in the feedback mechanism.]

HS-LS1-3

Nervous System Parts and Control

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