Name: rest and digest: parasympathetic control
Uploaded: 2019-03-11T09:21:26.000Z
Duration: 1 min 14 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Next Generation Science Standards

High School

Life Science

from-molecules-to-organisms-structures-and-processes

From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes

HS-LS1-2

The Parasympathetic Nervous System

- [Narrador] El sistema
nervioso parasimpático

restaura el cuerpo en tiempos de calma

en los que no hay amenazas

y a menudo se lo llama sistema
de descanso y digestión.

Es una de las divisiones principales

del sistema nervioso automático,

que controla funciones involuntarias

al regular la actividad
de los músculos lisos

en órganos viscerales, músculos
cardíacos en el corazón

y ciertas glándulas como
las glándulas salivales.

Cuando el sistema nervioso
parasimpático se activa,

se envían señales de las neuronas
pregangliares en el tallo

del cerebro y la parte sacral
de la columna vertebral

a los ganglios, grupos de
cuerpos de células neuronales

en el sistema nervioso periférico,

cerca de los órganos y
glándulas que están controlados.

Aquí, el mensaje se transmite
a las neuronas posgangliares,

que generalmente usan el
neurotransmitor acetilcolina

para regular la actividad
de los tejidos de objetivo.

Por ejemplo, disminuyen el ritmo cardíaco,

relajan el cuerpo y estimulan
la contracción muscular

en el intestino y vejiga,

promueve la digestión y excreción.

Como resultado, el sistema
parasimpático ayuda

a regenerar reservas energéticas
y mantener la homeostasis

en momentos en los que el
cuerpo puede descansar.

Stewart, Julian M. "Síndromes comunes de intolerancia ortostática". Pediatría 131, no. 5 (mayo de 2013): 968–80. [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2012-2610" target="__blank">Fuente</a>]

el sistema nervioso parasimpático

<h4>Descripción general</h4> El sistema nervioso parasimpático es una de las dos divisiones principales del sistema nervioso autónomo. Este sistema parasimpático es responsable de regular muchas funciones inconscientes, como el ritmo cardíaco y la digestión. Está compuesto por neuronas ubicadas tanto en el cerebro como en el sistema nervioso periférico que envían sus axones a músculos, órganos y glándulas. <h4>El sistema de “descanso y digestión”</h4> La activación del sistema parasimpático tiende a tener un efecto relajante en el organismo, favoreciendo funciones que reponen recursos y restablecen la homeostasis. Por lo tanto, a veces se lo denomina sistema de “descanso y digestión”. El sistema parasimpático predomina durante los momentos de calma, cuando es seguro dedicar recursos a funciones básicas de “limpieza” sin amenaza de ataque o daño. <h4>Control del sistema parasimpático</h4> El sistema nervioso parasimpático puede ser activado por varias partes del cerebro, incluido el hipotálamo. Las neuronas preganglionares del tronco del encéfalo y la parte sacra de la médula espinal envían primero sus axones a los ganglios,grupos de cuerpos de células neuronales, en el sistema nervioso periférico. Estos ganglios contienen las conexiones entre las neuronas pre y posganglionares y están ubicados cerca de los órganos o glándulas que controlan. Desde aquí, las neuronas posganglionares envían sus axones a los tejidos diana,generalmente músculo liso, músculo cardíaco o glándulas. Normalmente, el neurotransmisor acetilcolina se utiliza para regular la actividad de estos objetivos. La activación del sistema parasimpático provoca una variedad de efectos en el cuerpo. Disminuye la frecuencia cardíaca y hace que las pupilas se contraigan, devolviendo el cuerpo a un estado más relajado. También estimula la digestión y la excreción, por ejemplo, promoviendo la salivación, las contracciones peristálticas en el estómago y los intestinos y la contracción de la vejiga para expulsar la orina. Ayuda a reconstruir las reservas de energía al hacer que el páncreas secrete más insulina. Por último, incluso favorece la reproducción aumentando el flujo sanguíneo a los genitales. <h4>De pie</h4> El control del ritmo cardíaco y del flujo sanguíneo es fundamental incluso para tareas mundanas como estar de pie. Las personas que sufren de intolerancia ortostática (IO) pueden experimentar aturdimiento crónico y desmayos por el simple hecho de adoptar una postura erguida, llamada ortostasis. El sistema nervioso autónomo controla los cambios necesarios en la vasculatura y la frecuencia cardíaca cuando realizamos ortostasis. En particular, el sistema parasimpático es responsable de las señales que permiten la vasodilatación,la relajación de los músculos que recubren los vasos sanguíneos, de las arterias cerebrales. Una señalización inadecuada por parte del sistema nervioso parasimpático puede provocar la pérdida del conocimiento debido a un flujo sanguíneo inadecuado al cerebro.

El sistema nervioso parasimpático

Visión general

El sistema nervioso parasimpático es una de las dos divisiones principales del sistema nervioso autónomo. Este sistema parasimpático es responsable ...

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rest and digest: parasympathetic control

The parasympathetic nervous system helps the body stay calm and return to a rested state. It is one of the two major divisions of the autonomic nervous system, which controls many unconscious functions such as heart rate and digestion. Its neurons are found in the brain and the peripheral nervous system, and they send axons to muscles, organs, and glands.

This system is often called the “rest and digest” system because it supports body processes that restore homeostasis. It is most active during calm times, when the body can focus on basic housekeeping functions instead of responding to danger. In this state, the body can use resources for recovery and maintenance.

The parasympathetic nervous system can be activated by parts of the brain, including the hypothalamus. Preganglionic neurons in the brainstem and sacral spinal cord send axons to ganglia, which are clusters of neuronal cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system. These ganglia lie near the organs or glands they control, where they link preganglionic and postganglionic neurons.

Postganglionic neurons then carry signals to target tissues, which are usually smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, or glands. The neurotransmitter acetylcholine is typically used to control these targets. When this system is active, heart rate decreases, pupils constrict, digestion and excretion increase, and the pancreas releases more insulin to help rebuild energy stores. It also increases blood flow to the genitals, which supports reproduction.

This control system is also important during standing up. People with orthostatic intolerance, or OI, can feel lightheaded or faint when they move into an upright posture, a change called orthostasis. The autonomic nervous system adjusts heart rate and blood vessels during this shift, and the parasympathetic system helps signals that allow vasodilation, or widening of the cerebral arteries. If this signaling does not work properly, the brain may not get enough blood, which can cause loss of consciousness.

Rest and Digest: Parasympathetic Control

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the parasympathetic nervous system

The parasympathetic nervous system helps the body stay calm and return to a rested state. It is one of the two major divisions of the autonomic nervous system, which controls many unconscious functions such as heart rate and digestion. Its neurons are found in the brain and the peripheral nervous system, and they send axons to muscles, organs, and glands. This system is often called the “rest and digest” system because it supports body processes that restore homeostasis. It is most active...

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Sympathetic Stress Response and Body Changes

The sympathetic nervous system helps the body respond to stress and danger. It is one of the two main divisions of the autonomic nervous system. When it turns on, it prepares the body for action and puts lower-priority functions, such as digestion, on hold. This response is often called the fight-or-flight system. A surprise exam can trigger it, and students may notice a tight stomach, a dry mouth, and a fast heartbeat. In a real threat, the system shifts blood away from the digestive system...

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key terms and concepts

Learn how the parasympathetic nervous system slows heart rate, supports digestion, and helps the body adjust when standing up.

Rest and Digest: Parasympathetic Control | JoVE K12

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HS-LS1-3

Rest and Digest: Parasympathetic Control

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