Name: sympathetic stress response and body changes
Uploaded: 2019-03-11T09:21:26.000Z
Duration: 1 min 25 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Next Generation Science Standards

High School

Life Science

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From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes

HS-LS1-2

The Sympathetic Nervous System

- [Narrador] El sistema nervioso simpático

prepara al cuerpo para
la acción en caso de

amenazas, estrés o agitación extrema,

y activa la respuesta de "luchar o huir".

Es una de las principales divisiones

del sistema autónomo nervioso

que controla funciones involuntarias

al regular la actividad de músculos lisos

en órganos viscerales, el
miocardio en el corazón

y ciertas glándulas, como las sudoríparas.

Al activarse el sistema nervioso simpático

neuronas preganglionares
en la médula espinal

torácica y lumbar envían señales

al sistema nervioso períferico. Algunas

mandan sus señales a cadenas ganglionares

grupos de cuerpos celulares de neuronas

que corren a lo largo
de la columna vertebral.

Dese aquí, neuronas
postganglionares transmiten

la señal hacia tejidos
que causan una respuesta,

como aumento de la frecuencia
cardiaca y constricción

de vasos sanguineos, para llevar
más sangre a los músculos.

Otras neuronas
preganglionares envían señales

a neuronas postganglionares ubicadas

en ganglios cercanos a
sus órganos objetivo,

con consecuencias como
inhibir la digestión

en el estómago y la
excreción de la vejiga,

procesos de baja prioridad
en momentos de estrés.

Un tercer grupo de neuronas
preganglionares viaja

directamente a la glándula
suprarrenal y estimula

la producción de hormonas, como
la epinefrina o adrenalina,

que interviene en la respuesta
al estrés en todo el cuerpo.

McEwen, Bruce S. y John H. Morrison. "El cerebro sobre el estrés: vulnerabilidad y plasticidad de la corteza prefrontal a lo largo del curso de la vida". Neurona 79, no. 1 (10 de julio de 2013): 16–29. [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2013.06.028" target="__blank">Fuente</a>]

el sistema nervioso simpático

<h4>Descripción general</h4> El sistema nervioso simpático, una de las dos divisiones principales del sistema nervioso autónomo, se activa en momentos de estrés. Prepara al cuerpo para enfrentar los desafíos de una circunstancia exigente, al tiempo que inhibe funciones corporales esenciales, como la digestión, que son de menor prioridad en este momento. <h4>El sistema de “lucha o huida”</h4> Como estudiante, es posible que hayas tenido la experiencia de entrar a clase y encontrarte con un examen sorpresa que no esperabas. En el momento de darte cuenta, puedes sentir que se te contrae el estómago, se te seca la boca y tu corazón comienza a acelerarse de repente. Estos son signos de que el sistema simpático toma el control y se prepara para reaccionar. Si bien es posible que no esté en peligro inmediato, el sistema ha evolucionado para facilitar la reacción inmediata al estrés o las amenazas: la sangre se dirige lejos del sistema digestivo y la piel para aumentar el suministro de energía a los músculos. Además, la frecuencia cardíaca y el flujo sanguíneo aumentan y las pupilas se dilatan para maximizar la percepción visual. Al mismo tiempo, la glándula suprarrenal libera epinefrina al sistema circulatorio. Su cuerpo ahora está preparado para actuar, ya sea para huir rápidamente del peligro o luchar contra cualquier amenaza que pueda surgir. <h4>Control del sistema simpático</h4> El sistema nervioso simpático puede ser activado por varias partes del cerebro, desempeñando un papel especialmente importante el hipotálamo. Las instrucciones simpáticas del sistema nervioso central se envían desde las neuronas preganglionares de las partes torácica y lumbar de la médula espinal al sistema nervioso periférico, donde tienen sus efectos finales, a través de tres vías principales. La primera vía involucra neuronas preganglionares que se conectan a una cadena cercana de ganglios, grupos de cuerpos celulares neuronales, que corre a lo largo de cada lado de la columna vertebral, a menudo llamada cadena simpática. Aquí, la señal activa neuronas posganglionares que viajan a órganos o glándulas objetivo para regular su función. Sus efectos incluyen la dilatación de las pupilas, lo que permite que entre más luz en los ojos; relajación de las vías respiratorias, atrayendo más oxígeno y constricción de los vasos sanguíneos y aumento del ritmo cardíaco, (empujando más sangre a los músculos). En la segunda vía, las neuronas preganglionares envían señales a los ganglios más alejados de la médula espinal, cerca de los órganos diana. Aquí activan las neuronas posganglionares que controlan la actividad de órganos como el estómago, el páncreas, el hígado, los intestinos, la vejiga y los genitales. Los efectos de esta vía incluyen inhibir la digestión y la micción y estimular los orgasmos. En la tercera vía, un pequeño grupo de neuronas preganglionares viaja desde la médula espinal directamente a la glándula suprarrenal, donde estimulan la secreción de las hormonas epinefrina y norepinefrina en el torrente sanguíneo, lo que ayuda a mediar la respuesta al estrés en todo el cuerpo. <h4>Estrés crónico</h4> El sistema nervioso simpático evolucionó para permitir que los animales respondieran mejor a amenazas inmediatas, como el encuentro repentino con un depredador o rival. Si bien los humanos han dejado atrás la mayoría de esos miedos primarios, el sistema simpático del cuerpo aún puede responder a situaciones estresantes de la misma manera que cuando se encuentra con un feroz gato de la sábana. Esto incluye la liberación de las hormonas epinefrina,también llamada adrenalina, y cortisol. En condiciones normales, el sistema se activa brevemente y estas hormonas no están presentes en el sistema circulatorio por mucho tiempo. Sin embargo, los factores estresantes modernos de nuestra vida diaria pueden sobreactivar este sistema y exponer al cuerpo durante períodos más prolongados, lo que puede tener efectos debilitantes. Estos pueden incluir ansiedad, depresión, enfermedades cardíacas, aumento de peso y trastornos del sueño. Las exigencias de la vida universitaria pueden ser desafiantes, por lo que es fundamental participar en un manejo saludable del estrés. Algunas estrategias para controlar el estrés incluyen una alimentación saludable, dormir lo suficiente, mantener relaciones sociales y buscar asesoramiento profesional cuando sea necesario.

El sistema nervioso simpático

Visión general

El sistema nervioso simpático, una de las dos divisiones principales del sistema nervioso autónomo, se activa en momentos de estrés. Eso...

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sympathetic stress response and body changes

The sympathetic nervous system helps the body respond to stress and danger. It is one of the two main divisions of the autonomic nervous system. When it turns on, it prepares the body for action and puts lower-priority functions, such as digestion, on hold.

This response is often called the fight-or-flight system. A surprise exam can trigger it, and students may notice a tight stomach, a dry mouth, and a fast heartbeat. In a real threat, the system shifts blood away from the digestive system and skin and sends more energy to muscles. It also raises heart rate and blood flow, and it dilates the pupils to improve vision. At the same time, the adrenal gland releases epinephrine into the blood. The body is then ready to flee or fight.

The sympathetic nervous system is controlled by parts of the brain, especially the hypothalamus. Its signals start in preganglionic neurons in the thoracic and lumbar spinal cord and then travel through the peripheral nervous system. These signals follow three main pathways to reach organs and glands.

In the first pathway, preganglionic neurons connect to a nearby chain of ganglia, which are clusters of nerve cell bodies along each side of the spinal column. This chain is often called the sympathetic chain. The signal then activates postganglionic neurons, which act on target organs and glands. Their effects include pupil dilation, airway relaxation for more oxygen, and blood vessel constriction with a faster heart rate to move more blood to muscles.

In the second pathway, preganglionic neurons send signals to ganglia that are farther from the spinal cord and closer to the target organs. These postganglionic neurons control organs such as the stomach, pancreas, liver, intestines, bladder, and genitals. Their effects include slowing digestion and urination, and they can also stimulate orgasms.

In the third pathway, a small group of preganglionic neurons goes directly from the spinal cord to the adrenal gland. This triggers the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine into the bloodstream. These hormones help spread the stress response through the body.

The sympathetic nervous system evolved to help animals handle immediate threats, such as a predator or rival. Humans still use the same response during stressful events, and it can involve epinephrine, also called adrenaline, and cortisol. Under normal conditions, this reaction is brief. But modern stress can keep the system active for too long, which may lead to anxiety, depression, heart disease, weight gain, and sleep disorders. Healthy stress management can include good food, enough sleep, social support, and professional counseling when needed.

Sympathetic Stress Response and Body Changes

sympathetic-stress-response-and-body-changes

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the parasympathetic nervous system

Rest and Digest: Parasympathetic Control

The parasympathetic nervous system helps the body stay calm and return to a rested state. It is one of the two major divisions of the autonomic nervous system, which controls many unconscious functions such as heart rate and digestion. Its neurons are found in the brain and the peripheral nervous system, and they send axons to muscles, organs, and glands. This system is often called the “rest and digest” system because it supports body processes that restore homeostasis. It is most active...

the sympathetic nervous system

The sympathetic nervous system helps the body respond to stress and danger. It is one of the two main divisions of the autonomic nervous system. When it turns on, it prepares the body for action and puts lower-priority functions, such as digestion, on hold. This response is often called the fight-or-flight system. A surprise exam can trigger it, and students may notice a tight stomach, a dry mouth, and a fast heartbeat. In a real threat, the system shifts blood away from the digestive system...

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key terms and concepts

Explore how the sympathetic nervous system triggers fight-or-flight body changes, from pupil dilation and faster heart rate to adrenal hormone release and stress control.

Sympathetic Stress Response and Body Changes | JoVE K12

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Sympathetic Stress Response and Body Changes

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