Name: weak base ph and kb calculations
Uploaded: 2020-09-24T15:06:51.000Z
Duration: 3 min 21 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

north-carolina-k-12-science-standard-course-of-study

North Carolina K-12 Science Standard Course of Study

9-12

Physical Science

Matter and its Interactions

PS.PSc.2.5

Weak Base Solutions

Una base débil, como el amoníaco, es una base de Brønsted que acepta un protón del agua para producir el ion de hidróxido. Las bases débiles reaccionan parcialmente con el agua de acuerdo con su constante de disociación de bases, Kb, que es 1, 76 10⁻⁵ para el amoniaco. La Kb del amoníaco se puede expresar como la concentración de iones de amonio multiplicada por la concentración de iones de hidróxido dividida por la concentración de amoníaco en equilibrio.La Kb se puede utilizar para determinar la concentración de iones de hidróxido en una solución de base débil y, en consecuencia, el pOH y el pH de la solución. La concentración de iones de hidróxido y el pH de 0, 23 M de la solución de amoniaco se pueden determinar usando su constante de disociación básica y preparando una tabla ICE que contenga los valores iniciales y de equilibrio de los iones de amoniaco, amonio e hidróxido. Si se substituyen las concentraciones de equilibrio en la expresión de Kb, Kb es igual a x por x dividido por 0, 23 menos x.Como las bases débiles muestran una disociación parcial, se puede considerar que 0, 23 menos x es aproximadamente 0, 23. Cuando se resuelve la ecuación, x es igual a 2 10⁻³ molar. La aproximación 0, 23 menos x es igual a 0, 23 es válida aquí ya que la concentración de iones de hidróxido es solo el 0, 86 de 0, 23 molar.Para calcular el pH de esta solución, primero determine el pOH a partir del logaritmo negativo de la concentración de iones de hidróxido, que es igual a 2, 70. El pH se puede determinar usando la fórmula:pH más pOH igual a 14 y calculado en 11, 30. El Kb para una solución de base débil se puede calcular si se conoce el pH de la solución de base débil.La metilamina es una base débil que se disocia parcialmente en agua en iones de metilamonio e iones de hidróxido. La Kb de metilamina se puede expresar como la concentración de iones de metilamonio multiplicada por la concentración de iones de hidróxido dividida por la concentración de metilamina en equilibrio. Para calcular la Kb de una solución de metilamina 0, 040 molar con un pH de 11, 6, primero se debe calcular el pOH seguido de su concentración de iones de hidróxido.Como el pH es 11, 60, el pOH es 2, 40 y su concentración de iones de hidróxido es 4, 0 x 10⁻³. En la tabla ICE se puede construir a partir de las concentraciones iniciales y de equilibrio de la metilamina, el metilamonio y el hidróxido. Si se sustituyen las concentraciones de equilibrio en la expresión por Kb se obtiene el valor de la Kb, que es 4, 4 10⁻⁴.

soluciones de bases débiles

Algunos compuestos producen iones hidróxido cuando se disuelven reaccionando químicamente con moléculas de agua. En todos los casos, estos compuestos reaccionan sólo parcialmente y por lo tanto se clasifican como bases débiles. Este tipo de compuestos son también abundantes en la naturaleza y son productos básicos importantes en diversas tecnologías. Por ejemplo, la producción mundial de la base débil amoníaco suele ser más de 100 toneladas métricas al año, siendo ampliamente utilizada como fertilizante agrícola, una materia prima para la síntesis química de otros compuestos y un ingrediente activo en los limpiadores domésticos. Cuando se disuelve en agua, el amoníaco reacciona parcialmente para producir iones hidróxido, como se muestra a continuación:
 <img alt="Eq1" src="/files/ftp_upload/11401/11401_Equation_1.png" style="height: 50px;" />
 Esta es, por definición, una reacción ácido-base, en este caso implicando la transferencia de iones H+ de las moléculas de agua a las moléculas de amoníaco. En condiciones normales, sólo alrededor del 1% del amoníaco disuelto está presente como iones NH4+.
 Cálculo de las concentraciones de iones hidróxido y del pOH en una solución de base débil
 Encontrar la concentración de ion hidróxido, el pOH y el pH de una solución 0,25 M de trimetilamina, una base débil:
 <img alt="Eq2" src="/files/ftp_upload/11401/11401_Equation_2.png" style="height: 50px;" />
 La tabla ICE para este sistema es
 <table style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
 <tbody>
 <tr>
 <td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"></td>
 <td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">(CH3)3N (ac)</td>
 <td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">(CH3)3NH+ (ac)</td>
 <td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">OH− (ac) </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Concentración inicial (M)</td>
 <td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">0,25</td>
 <td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">0</td>
 <td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">~0</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Cambio (M)</td>
 <td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">− x</td>
 <td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">+x</td>
 <td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">+x</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Concentración de equilibrio (M)</td>
 <td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">0,25 − x</td>
 <td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">0 + x</td>
 <td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">~0 + x</td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
 </table>
 Al sustituir los términos de concentración de equilibrio en la expresión Kb queda
 <img alt="Eq3" src="/files/ftp_upload/11401/11401_Equation_3.png" style="height: 90px;" />
 Asumiendo que x << 0,25 y resolviendo x se obtiene
 <img alt="Eq4" src="/files/ftp_upload/11401/11401_Equation_4.png" style="height: 50px;" />
 Este valor es inferior al 5% de la concentración inicial (0,25), por lo que la suposición está justificada.
 Como se define en la tabla ICE, x es igual a la concentración de equilibrio del ión hidróxido:
 <img alt="Eq5" src="/files/ftp_upload/11401/11401_Equation_5.png" style="height: 50px;" />
 El pOH se calcula que es
 <img alt="Eq6" src="/files/ftp_upload/11401/11401_Equation_6.png" style="height: 50px;" />
 Utilizar la relación;
 <img alt="Eq7" src="/files/ftp_upload/11401/11401_Equation_7.png" style="height: 50px;" />
 permite el cálculo del pH:
 <img alt="Eq8" src="/files/ftp_upload/11401/11401_Equation_8.png" style="height: 50px;" />
 Determinación de Kb a partir del pH
 Si el pH de la solución de etilamina 0,28 M (C2H5NH2) es 12,10, ¿cuále es su Kb?
 <img alt="Eq9" src="/files/ftp_upload/11401/11401_Equation_9.png" style="height: 50px;" />
 Para calcular el Kb de la etilamina, es necesario determinar primero la concentración de iones hidróxido y el pOH. Como el pH es 12,10, el pOH se puede calcular de la siguiente manera:
 <img alt="Eq10" src="/files/ftp_upload/11401/11401_ Equation_10.png" style="height: 50px;" />
 Como la pOH es 1,90, la concentración de iones hidróxido de la solución puede calcularse utilizando la fórmula
 <img alt="Eq11" src="/files/ftp_upload/11401/11401_Equation_11.png" style="height: 50px;" />
 La tabla ICE para este sistema se puede construir de la siguiente manera
 <table style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
 <tbody>
 <tr>
 <td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"></td>
 <td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">C2H5NH2 (ac)</td>
 <td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">C2H5NH3+ (ac)</td>
 <td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">OH− (ac)</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Concentración inicial(M)</td>
 <td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">0,28</td>
 <td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">0</td>
 <td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">~0</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Cambio(M)</td>
 <td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">−0,0126</td>
 <td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">+0.0126</td>
 <td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">+0.0126</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Concentración de equilibrio(M)</td>
 <td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">0,28 − 0,0126</td>
 <td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">0,0126</td>
 <td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">0,0126</td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
 </table>
 Como el 0,0126 M es el 4,5% de 0,28 M, 0,28 − 0,0126 puede considerarse casi igual a 0,28 M por la regla del 5%.
 Después de sustituir los valores anteriores en la expresión por el Kb de la etilamina,
 <img alt="Eq12" src="/files/ftp_upload/11401/11401_Equation_12.png" style="height: 90px;" />
 Este texto es adaptado de Openstax, Química 2e<a href="https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-2e/pages/4-2-classifying-chemical-reactions"> Sección 4.2:</a><a href="https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-2e/pages/4-2-classifying-chemical-reactions"> Clasificación de las Reacciones Químicas</a> y <a href="https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-2e/pages/14-3-relative-strengths-of-acids-and-bases"> 14.3 Fuerzas Relativas de Ácidos y Bases.</a>

Soluciones de Bases Débiles

Algunos compuestos producen iones de hidróxido cuando se disuelven reaccionando químicamente con moléculas de agua. En todos los casos, estos compuestos reaccionan solo parcialmente y ...

Education

Educación

JoVE Core

Chemistry

Química

Acids and Bases

Ácidos y bases

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

TÉRMINOS Y CONCEPTOS CLAVE

weak base ph and kb calculations

Weak base pH and Kb calculations show how partially reacting bases change water chemistry. Weak bases produce hydroxide ions when they dissolve by reacting with water molecules. Because the reaction only happens partly, these compounds are classified as weak bases.

Weak bases are common in nature and in technology. Ammonia is one major example. Global production of ammonia is typically well over 100 metric tons each year. It is used as an agricultural fertilizer, a starting material for chemical synthesis, and an ingredient in household cleaners.

When ammonia dissolves in water, it reacts only partially to form hydroxide ions. This is an acid-base reaction because H+ ions move from water molecules to ammonia molecules. Under typical conditions, only about 1% of the dissolved ammonia is present as NH4+ ions.

The video also shows how to calculate hydroxide ion concentration, pOH, and pH for a weak base solution. For a 0.25 M trimethylamine solution, an ICE table is used to track initial, change, and equilibrium concentrations. The Kb expression is then written with the equilibrium terms, and the x &lt;&lt; 0.25 assumption is checked with the 5% rule before solving for x as the hydroxide ion concentration. From there, pOH is found and pH is calculated.

A second example shows how to determine Kb from pH. For a 0.28 M ethylamine solution with a pH of 12.10, the pOH is first found, then the hydroxide ion concentration is calculated. An ICE table is built for ethylamine, ethylammonium ion, and hydroxide ion. After applying the 5% rule, the values are substituted into the Kb expression to find the base dissociation constant.

Weak Base pH and Kb Calculations

bronsted-lowry acids and bases

Proton Transfer in Acids and Bases

Acids and bases can be understood through proton transfer. Early scientists described acids by their sour taste, their effect on dyes, and their reaction with limestone, which releases carbon dioxide. Robert Boyle also noted that acid solutions can lose these properties after contact with alkali, or base, solutions. The modern view developed step by step. Humphry Davy showed that hydrogen is the essential part of acids. Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac then described acids as substances that neutralize...

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Water as an Amphiprotic Substance

Water can act as both a Brønsted-Lowry acid and a Brønsted-Lowry base. When hydrogen fluoride dissolves in water, it donates protons to water. This is acid ionization. The products are hydronium ions and fluoride ions. Water can also accept protons from another substance. When pyridine dissolves in water, it accepts a proton from water molecules. This is base ionization. The products are hydroxide ions and pyridinium ions. These reactions show that water can play either role. A substance that...

ph scale

pH and pOH in Water

pH and pOH show how hydronium and hydroxide ions behave in water and other aqueous solutions. These ion concentrations are linked by the ion product of water, K w , so when one goes up, the other goes down. Because ion concentrations can differ by huge amounts, a logarithmic scale is used to describe them. pH is defined from the hydronium ion concentration, [H3O+], and pOH is the matching p-function for hydroxide ion concentration. These two values are also connected through the K w...

relative strengths of conjugate acid-base pairs

relative-strengths-of-conjugate-acid-base-pairs

How Ka and Kb Show Acid-Base Strength

Brønsted-Lowry acid-base chemistry is based on proton transfer. That idea helps show how the strength of an acid is linked to the strength of its conjugate base, and vice versa. Acid and base strength is measured with ionization constants, Ka and Kb, which tell how far an ionization reaction goes. For the conjugate pair HA and A−, the acid ionizes in water and the base reaction can be written for the partner species. When the two reactions are added, they give the autoionization of water. The...

strong acid and base solutions

Strong Acids, Strong Bases, and pH

Strong acids and strong bases change the pH of a solution by dissociating completely in water. A strong acid produces hydronium ions, which are H3O+ ions, and a strong base produces hydroxide ions, OH-. Because the dissociation is complete, the ion concentration can be found from the starting concentration and the molar ratio. For example, 0.20 M hydrobromic acid dissociates fully in water. It produces 0.20 M hydronium ions and 0.20 M bromide ions. A 0.015 M KOH solution also dissociates...

weak acid solutions

Weak Acid Equilibrium in Water

Weak acid equilibrium in water explains why many acids only partially react when dissolved. Most weak acid molecules stay in their original form, and only a small amount of hydronium ions forms. Weak acids are common in nature. They help create the tangy taste of citrus fruits, the stinging sensation from insect bites, and the smells linked to body odor. Acetic acid is a familiar weak acid. It is the main ingredient in vinegar. Its equation uses a double arrow to show that the reaction with...

weak base solutions

Weak base pH and Kb calculations show how partially reacting bases change water chemistry. Weak bases produce hydroxide ions when they dissolve by reacting with water molecules. Because the reaction only happens partly, these compounds are classified as weak bases. Weak bases are common in nature and in technology. Ammonia is one major example. Global production of ammonia is typically well over 100 metric tons each year. It is used as an agricultural fertilizer, a starting material for...

mixtures of acids

pH of Acid Mixtures

The pH of acid mixtures depends on the acids present, their dissociation constants, and their starting concentrations. When a solution contains two different acids, the pH can be found by choosing the method that fits their relative strengths. This makes acid mixtures a useful case for applying acid-base rules in chemistry. In a mixture of a strong acid and a weak acid, the strong acid dissociates completely and supplies almost all of the hydronium ions in the solution. The weak acid...

ions as acids and bases

Salt Hydrolysis and pH of Solutions

Salt hydrolysis explains why some salt solutions are acidic, basic, or neutral. Salts are ionic compounds made of cations and anions. In water, either ion may react with water through an acid or base ionization reaction. The pH of the solution depends on the relative acid-base strength of the ions in the salt. Ammonium chloride is a good example of an acidic salt. When it dissolves, it separates into ammonium ions and chloride ions. The ammonium ion is the conjugate acid of ammonia, so it can...

determining the ph of salt solutions

Salt Hydrolysis and pH in Solutions

Salt hydrolysis and pH in solutions depend on the ions released when a salt dissolves. Some ions react with water, while others do not. The balance between the cation and anion helps show whether the solution becomes acidic, basic, or neutral. Salts with pH-neutral anions and cations that produce hydronium ions give acidic solutions with pH below 7. Ammonium nitrate is one example. In NH4NO3, NO3− does not react with water, but NH4+ forms hydronium ions, so the solution is acidic. Other salts...

acid/base strengths and dissociation constants

acidbase-strengths-and-dissociation-constants

Acid and Base Strength in Water

Acid and base strength in water depends on how much a substance ionizes after it dissolves. If ionization is nearly complete, the substance is called strong. If only a small amount ionizes, it is called weak. Weak acids and weak bases are much more common than strong ones. The most common strong acids are HClO4, HCl, HBr, HI, HNO3, and H2SO4. The most common strong bases are LiOH, NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH)2, Sr(OH)2, and Ba(OH)2. These strong acids and bases ionize essentially completely in water. <br...

polyprotic acids

Stepwise Ionization of Polyprotic Acids

Polyprotic acids lose hydrogen ions in steps. The number of ionizable protons in a molecule determines whether an acid is monoprotic, diprotic, or triprotic. This video also shows that polyprotic bases can accept more than one proton. Monoprotic acids have one ionizable hydrogen atom per molecule. Examples include HCl, HNO3, and HCN. Their reactions with water form hydronium ions and the matching anion. Acetic acid, CH3CO2H, is also monoprotic because only the hydrogen in the carboxyl group...

acid strength and molecular structure

How Bonding Affects Acid Strength

Acid strength depends on bonding, electronegativity, and oxidation number. These factors help explain why some hydrogen compounds act as strong acids, while others behave as weak acids or bases. For binary acids, which are hydrogen compounds with one other nonmetal, acidity increases as the H-A bond gets weaker down a group. That is why the order for group 17 is HF &lt; HCl &lt; HBr &lt; HI, and for group 16 it is H2O &lt; H2S &lt; H2Se &lt; H2Te. Across a period, acid strength increases as...

lewis acids and bases

Electron-Pair Reactions in Acid-Base Chemistry

Electron-pair reactions explain Lewis acid-base chemistry. In 1923, G. N. Lewis described acids and bases by how they accept or donate a pair of electrons. When that electron pair forms a coordinate covalent bond, one atom supplies both bonding electrons. This bond is also called a dative bond. A simple example is the reaction of water with a hydrogen ion to make a hydronium ion. Ammonia can also combine with a hydrogen ion to form an ammonium ion. In both cases, the reaction creates a Lewis...

key terms and concepts

Learn how weak bases form hydroxide ions, then use ICE tables to find pOH, pH, and Kb for trimethylamine and ethylamine examples.

Weak Base pH and Kb Calculations | JoVE K12

chemistry

JoVE Core Química da vida a los conceptos de química general mediante lecciones de vídeo basadas en animaciones, concisas y fáciles de entender. Además, en los vídeos de científicos en acción, se muestran experimentos de investigación clásicos y originales realizados en laboratorios de todo el mundo.

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Ohio’s Learning Standards and Model Curriculum

Interactions Of Matter

Chemical reactions

Minnesota Academic Standards in Science

1.2.1 9L.4.2.2.1

Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills

High School

CHEM.12

CHEM.12.C

Alabama Course of Study Science

Matter and Its Interactions

9-12.C.1.6.a

9-12.PS.3.6.c

new-york-state-science-learning-standards

New York State Science Learning Standards

HS. Chemical Reactions

HS-PS1-11.

Classifying Matter by State

Chemistry is the study of matter and the changes it undergoes. Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space. Matter is all around us; the air, ...

Classifying Matter by Composition

Matter: Pure Substances and Mixtures
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Elements: Chemical Symbols and Isotopes

A chemical symbol is an abbreviation used to indicate an element or an atom of an element. For example, the symbol for mercury is Hg. The same symbol is ...

Molecules and Compounds

Atoms and Molecules

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Solution Formation

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Colloids

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Construct an explanation to classify matter as a pure substance or mixture; homogeneous or heterogeneous; element or compound; solution, colloid or suspension.

PS.PSc.1.1

Phase Transitions

Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance&#39;s state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the ...

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Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation

The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize ...

Vapor Pressure

When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase molecules move randomly about, they will occasionally ...

Clausius-Clapeyron Equation

The equilibrium between a liquid and its vapor depends on the temperature of the system; a rise in temperature causes a corresponding rise in the vapor ...

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing

Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy ...

phase-transitions-sublimation-and-deposition

Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition

Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and ...

Heating and Cooling Curves

When a substance&#8212;isolated from its environment&#8212;is subjected to heat changes, corresponding changes in temperature and phase of the substance ...

Phase Diagrams

A phase diagram combines plots of pressure versus temperature for the liquid-gas, solid-liquid, and solid-gas phase-transition equilibria of a substance. ...

Use models to compare the phases of matter and the physical changes they undergo.

PS.PSc.1.2

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Physical and Chemical Properties of Matter

The characteristics that enable us to distinguish one substance from another are called properties.

Physical Properties of Matter

A physical property is ...

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Molecular Comparison of Gases, Liquids, and Solids

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Intermolecular vs Intramolecular Forces

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Intermolecular Forces

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Comparing Intermolecular Forces: Melting Point, Boiling Point, and Miscibility

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Carry out investigations to compare physical and chemical properties of matter.

PS.PSc.1.3

The Atomic Theory of Matter

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Subatomic Particles

Dalton was only partially correct about the particles that make up matter. All matter is composed of atoms, and atoms are composed of three smaller ...

The Bohr Model

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Emission Spectra

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The de Broglie Wavelength

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The Uncertainty Principle

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Use models to interpret the data presented in Bohr diagrams and electron dot diagrams for neutral atoms of elements 1 through 18.

PS.PSc.1.4

Ions and Ionic Charges

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Use models to compare representations of atoms, ions, and isotopes.

PS.PSc.1.5

The Periodic Table

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Periodic Classification of the Elements

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atomic-radii-and-effective-nuclear-charge

Atomic Radii and Effective Nuclear Charge

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Ionic Radii

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Ionization Energy

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Electron Affinity

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This process can be either ...

Alkali Metals

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Halogens

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Noble Gases


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Use the Periodic Table as a model to predict the relative properties (metallic/nonmetallic character, ionic charge, and reactivity) and arrangement of elements based on the pattern of valence electrons in the outermost energy levels of atoms.

PS.PSc.1.6

Types of Chemical Bonds

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Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer

Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence ...

Covalent Bonding and Lewis Structures

Compared to ionic bonds, which results from the transfer of electrons between metallic and nonmetallic atoms, covalent bonds result from the mutual ...

Bonding in Metals

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Construct an explanation to classify the type of chemical bond that occurs (covalent, ionic, or metallic) in a given substance.

PS.PSc.2.1

Nomenclature of Alkanes

In the late 19th-century, the number of new chemical compounds discovered increased tremendously. Hence, the necessity arose to develop a naming system ...

Nomenclature of Alkenes

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Nomenclature of Alkynes

Alkynes are unsaturated hydrocarbons characterized by the presence of carbon-carbon triple bonds and have a general formula CnH2n-2. The nomenclature of ...

structure-and-nomenclature-of-alcohols-and-phenols

Structure and Nomenclature of Alcohols and Phenols

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Alcohols are one of the most important functional groups in organic chemistry. The name of alcohol comes from the hydrocarbon from which it is ...

Structure and Nomenclature of Ethers

Structure and Bonding
Ethers are organic compounds with an ether functional group which is characterized by an oxygen atom connected to two &#8212; ...

Use models to apply International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) conventions to name and write formulas for simple compounds.

PS.PSc.2.2

Understand types, properties, and structure of matter.

Weak Base pH and Kb Calculations

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