How Substituents Control Benzene Reactions

Disubstituted benzenes can react by electrophilic substitution, and the two substituents help decide where the new group goes. Their directing effects may point to the same position or to different positions. Steric effects, which come from crowding between groups, also influence the product.

Whe...

Electrophilic substitution of a disubstituted benzene ring depends on the directing effect of the individual substituents.

If the directing effects of the substituents reinforce each other, the substitution gives a single product.

For example, bromination of p-nitrotoluene is directed at the same position—ortho to...