Name: how lipid molecules are built
Uploaded: 2023-04-30T18:28:47.000Z
Duration: 3 min 38 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Florida Department of Education

High School

Life Science

SC.912.L.18

SC.912.L.18.1

Structure of Lipids

Los lípidos son un grupo de moléculas hidrófobas que incluyen a los triglicéridos, que se utilizan para almacenar energía, y los fosfolípidos, que son los principales componentes estructurales de las membranas celulares. Los triglicéridos y la mayoría de los fosfolípidos consisten en cadenas de glicerol y ácidos grasos. Los ácidos grasos tienen grupos metilo en un extremo de la cadena y grupos carboxilo en el extremo opuesto.El carbono conectado al grupo carboxilo se llama carbono alfa, y el grupo metilo carbono se conoce como carbono omega. Los ácidos grasos varían en longitud y en la presencia de enlaces dobles en la cadena de hidrocarburos. Los que tienen enlaces dobles son ácidos grasos insaturados y los que solo tienen enlaces simples son ácidos grasos saturados porque están saturados con el mayor número posible de átomos de hidrógeno.Los ácidos grasos a menudo tienen nombres comunes, pero se pueden nombrar sistemáticamente según el número de átomos de carbono y el número y posición de los enlaces dobles en la cadena de carbono. Existen varios métodos de numeración comunes. El sistema de referencia de carboxilo cuenta la posición de todos los enlaces dobles del carbono carboxilo, que se numera como 1.El sistema de referencia omega cuenta la posición del enlace doble más cercano al carbono omega, con el carbono omega numerado como 1. Por ejemplo, el ácido linolénico, un ácido graso omega 3, tiene 18 carbonos y enlaces dobles en las posiciones 9, 12 y 15 contando desde el extremo carboxilo. Se lo denominará 18:3 Δ9, 12, 15 según el sistema de referencia y 18:3 según el sistema de referencia omega.Los ácidos grasos insaturados pueden presentarse en dos configuraciones:cis y trans. En la configuración cis, los hidrógenos de los carbonos implicados en el enlace doble están en el mismo lado del enlace, mientras que en la configuración trans, los hidrógenos se encuentran en los lados opuestos. Estructuralmente, los ácidos grasos cis tienen cadenas dobladas, mientras que los ácidos grasos trans tienen cadenas lineales.Se ha descubierto que el consumo de grasas trans es responsable de diversas enfermedades cardiovasculares, mientras que se sabe que el consumo de ácidos grasos cis, como el omega-3 y el omega-6, es beneficioso para la salud. Los triglicéridos, comúnmente conocidos como grasas, se utilizan principalmente para el almacenamiento de energía. Están compuestos por tres ácidos grasos unidos al glicerol a través de enlaces éster entre los extremos hidroxilo del glicerol y los extremos carboxilo de los ácidos grasos, lo que da como resultado la formación de una molécula apolar.Si los tres ácidos grasos son del mismo tipo, se conocen como triglicéridos simples. Si los tres ácidos grasos difieren, se conocen como triglicéridos mixtos. Otro tipo de lípido, los fosfolípidos, es una característica estructural importante de las membranas biológicas.Tienen cabezas hidrófilas que consisten en grupos fosfato modificados con un grupo alcohol hidrófilo y colas de ácidos grasos hidrófobos. La composición de estas cabezas y colas puede variar, dando como resultado diferentes tipos de lípidos de membrana. Los glicerofosfolípidos son un tipo común de fosfolípidos que consta de dos ácidos grasos y un grupo altamente polar unido a cada carbono del glicerol a través de enlaces éster y fosfodiéster, respectivamente.

estructura de los lípidos

Los lípidos incluyen un grupo diverso de compuestos que son en gran parte de naturaleza no polar. Esto se debe a que son hidrocarburos que incluyen principalmente enlaces carbono-carbono o carbono-hidrógeno no polares. Las moléculas no polares son hidrofóbicas (“temor al agua”) o insolubles en agua. Los lípidos realizan muchas funciones diferentes en una célula. Las células almacenan energía para uso a largo plazo en forma de grasas. Los lípidos también proporcionan a las plantas y animales aislamiento del medio ambiente. Por ejemplo, ayudan a mantener secos a las aves acuáticas y los mamíferos al formar una capa protectora sobre la piel o las plumas debido a su naturaleza hidrofóbica repelente al agua. Los lípidos son también los bloques de construcción de muchas hormonas y son un componente importante de todas las membranas celulares. Los lípidos incluyen grasas, aceites, ceras, fosfolípidos y esteroides.
 Estructura general de los lípidos
 Una molécula de grasa consta de dos componentes principales: Glicerol y ácidos grasos. El glicerol es un compuesto orgánico (alcohol) con tres grupos de carbonos, cinco hidrogenos y tres grupos hidroxilo (OH). Los ácidos grasos tienen una larga cadena de hidrocarburos a la que se une un grupo carboxilo, de ahí el nombre de “ácido graso”. El número de carbonos en el ácido graso puede oscilar entre 4 y 36. Los más comunes son aquellos que contienen entre 12–18 carbonos. En una molécula grasa, los ácidos grasos se unen a cada uno de los tres carbonos de la molécula de glicerol con un enlace de éster a través de un átomo de oxígeno. La unión de tres ácidos grasos a un esqueleto de glicerol en una reacción de deshidratación forma el triacilglicerol. Los tres ácidos grasos del triacilglicerol pueden ser similares o diferentes.
 Un fosfolípido es otro tipo común de lípido. Es una molécula anfipatica, lo que significa que tiene una parte hidrofóbica y otra hidrofílica. Las cadenas de ácidos grasos son hidrofóbicas y no pueden interactuar con el agua, mientras que el grupo que contiene fosfato es hidrofílico e interactúa con el agua. Los grupos hidrofílicos de las cabezas de los fosfolípidos se enfrentan a la solución acuosa. Las colas hidrofóbicas se secuestran en el medio de la bicapa.
 Ácidos grasos
 Los ácidos grasos pueden estar saturados o no saturados. En una cadena de ácidos grasos, si sólo hay enlaces sencillos entre los carbonos vecinos de la cadena de hidrocarburos, el ácido graso se satura. El ácido esteárico es un ejemplo de un ácido graso saturado.
 Cuando la cadena de hidrocarburos contiene un enlace doble, el ácido graso no está saturado. El ácido oleico es un ejemplo de un ácido graso insaturado. La mayoría de las grasas insaturadas son líquidas a temperatura ambiente y se llaman aceites. Si hay un enlace doble en la molécula, entonces es una grasa monoinsaturada (por ejemplo, el aceite de oliva), y si hay más de un enlace doble, entonces es una grasa poliinsaturada (por ejemplo, el aceite de canola). Los ácidos grasos largos y rectos con enlaces sencillos generalmente se empaquetan herméticamente y son sólidos a temperatura ambiente. Las grasas animales con ácido esteárico y ácido palmítico (común en la carne) y las grasas con ácido butírico (común en la mantequilla) son ejemplos de grasas saturadas.
 Además, los ácidos grasos pueden clasificarse en cis y trans. Cis y trans indican la configuración de la molécula alrededor del enlace doble. Si los átomos de hidrógeno están presentes en el mismo plano, es una grasa cis. Si los átomos de hidrógeno están en dos planos diferentes, es una grasa trans. El doble enlace cis causa una curva o un “pliegue” que impide que los ácidos grasos se empaqueten firmemente, manteniéndolos líquidos a temperatura ambiente. El aceite de oliva, el aceite de maíz, el aceite de canola y el aceite de hígado de bacalao son ejemplos de grasas insaturadas. Las grasas insaturadas ayudan a disminuir los niveles de colesterol en la sangre, mientras que las grasas saturadas contribuyen a la formación de placa en las arterias.
 Grasas trans
 La industria alimentaria hidrogenará artificialmente los aceites para hacerlos semisólidos y de una consistencia deseable para muchos productos alimenticios procesados. Durante este proceso, los enlaces dobles de la conformación cis en la cadena de hidrocarburos pueden convertirse en enlaces dobles de conformación trans.
 La margarina, algunos tipos de mantequilla de maní y la manteca son ejemplos de grasas trans artificialmente hidrogenadas. Estudios recientes han demostrado que un aumento de grasas trans en la dieta humana puede conducir a niveles más altos de lipoproteínas de baja densidad (LDL), o colesterol “malo”, que a su vez puede conducir a la deposición de placa en las arterias, resultando en enfermedades cardíacas.
 Ácidos grasos omega
 Los ácidos grasos esenciales son aquellos que el cuerpo humano requiere pero no sintetiza. En consecuencia, deben ser complementados por ingestión a través de la dieta. Los ácidos grasos omega-3 entran en esta categoría y son uno de los dos únicos conocidos por los seres humanos (el otro es el ácido graso omega-6). Estos son ácidos grasos poliinsaturados y omega-3 porque un doble enlace conecta el tercer carbono del extremo de la cadena de hidrocarburos con su carbono vecino.
 El ácido alfa-linolénico es un ejemplo de un ácido graso omega-3. Tiene tres enlaces dobles cis y, como resultado, una forma curva. El salmón, la trucha y el atún son buenas fuentes de ácidos grasos omega-3. Las investigaciones indican que los ácidos grasos omega-3 reducen el riesgo de muerte súbita por ataques cardíacos, disminuyen los triglicéridos en la sangre, disminuyen la presión arterial y previenen la trombosis al inhibir la coagulación de la sangre. También reducen la inflamación y pueden ayudar a reducir el riesgo de algunos cánceres en animales.
 Este texto es adaptado de <a href="https://openstax.org/books/biology-2e/pages/3-3-lipids"> Openstax, Biología 2e, Capítulo 3.3: Lipidos</a>.

Estructura de los lípidos

Los lípidos incluyen un grupo diverso de compuestos que son en gran medida de naturaleza no polar. Esto se debe a que son hidrocarburos que incluyen en su mayoría ...

Education

Educación

JoVE Core

Cell Biology

Biología Celular

Unit 1

Unidad 1

Biochemistry of the Cell

Bioquímica de la célula

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

TÉRMINOS Y CONCEPTOS CLAVE

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SC.912.L.18.7

A. All living things are composed of four basic categories of macromolecules and share the same basic needs for life.

B. Living organisms acquire the energy they need for life processes through various metabolic pathways (primarily photosynthesis and cellular respiration).

C. Chemical reactions in living things follow basic rules of chemistry and are usually regulated by enzymes.

D. The unique chemical properties of carbon and water make life on Earth possible.

How Lipid Molecules Are Built

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