Name: dna and rna in cells
Uploaded: 2023-04-30T18:28:47.000Z
Duration: 2 min 43 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Next Generation Science Standards

High School

Life Science

from-molecules-to-organisms-structures-and-processes

From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes

HS-LS1-1

Nucleic Acids

Los ácidos nucleicos son polímeros de nucleótidos, moléculas compuestas por un azúcar pentosa, una base que contiene nitrógeno y un grupo fosfato. Hay dos tipos de ácidos nucleicos:ácido desoxirribonucleico, ADN y ácido ribonucleico, ARN. Sus estructuras químicas difieren según el azúcar pentosa y las bases nitrogenadas que contienen.El azúcar pentosa en el ARN es la ribosa, que tiene un grupo hidroxilo unido al carbono-2. El azúcar en el ADN es la desoxirribosa, que solo tiene un átomo de hidrógeno pero no tiene oxígeno en el carbono-2. La base nitrogenada se une al carbono-1 y el fosfato al carbono-5.Tanto el ARN como el ADN contienen las bases adenina, citosina y guanina;pero el ADN tiene timina, mientras que el ARN tiene uracilo. En el ADN y el ARN, la guanina y la citosina forman pares de bases complementarios, unidos por tres enlaces de hidrógeno. La adenina y la timina forman pares de bases en el ADN, mientras que la adenina y el uracilo se emparejan en el ARN, ambos unidos por dos enlaces de hidrógeno.Varias enzimas polimerasas de ADN o ARN catalizan la polimerización de nucleótidos. Se forma un enlace fosfodiéster entre un grupo hidroxilo unido al carbono-3 y el grupo fosfato unido al carbono-5 del siguiente nucleótido. Esta reacción deja un extremo 5'sin unir con un grupo fosfato libre y un extremo 3'sin unir con un grupo hidroxilo libre.Cuando se emparejan con una hebra complementaria, las dos moléculas son antiparalelas, es decir, el extremo 5'de una hebra se empareja con el extremo de 3'de la otra. Las hebras se mantienen unidas por fuerzas intermoleculares, incluidos los efectos hidrófobos, las interacciones de van der Waals y los enlaces de hidrógeno específicos que se forman entre las bases nitrogenadas. El ADN es una doble hélice compuesta por dos cadenas de polinucleótidos enrolladas una alrededor de la otra.Por el contrario, el ARN se encuentra a menudo como una molécula monocatenaria. Sin embargo, el ARN puede unirse a un ARN o ADN complementario. También puede exhibir apareamiento de bases complementarias intracatenarias que dan como resultado diferentes tipos de estructuras secundarias de ARN que tienen funciones distintas dentro de la célula.

Ácidos nucleicos

Los ácidos nucleicos son las macromoléculas más importantes para la continuidad de la vida. Contienen el modelo genético de la célula y llevan instrucciones para su funcionamiento.
 ADN y ARN
 Los dos tipos principales de ácidos nucleicos son el ácido desoxirribonucleico (ADN) y el ácido ribonucleico (ARN). El ADN es el material genético en todos los organismos vivos, desde las bacterias unicelulares hasta los mamíferos pluricelulares. Está en el núcleo de los eucariotas y en los organelos, cloroplastos y mitocondrias. En los procariotas, el ADN no está encerrado en una envoltura membranosa.
 Todo el contenido genético de la célula es su genoma, y el estudio de los genomas es la genómica. En las células eucariotas pero no en las procariotas, el ADN forma un complejo con proteínas histonas para formar cromatina, la sustancia de los cromosomas eucarióticos. Un cromosoma puede contener decenas de miles de genes. Muchos genes contienen la información para producir proteínas. Otros genes codifican para productos de ARN. El ADN controla todas las actividades celulares activando o desactivando los genes.
 El otro tipo de ácido nucleico, el ARN, está implicado principalmente en la síntesis de proteínas. Las moléculas de ADN nunca salen del núcleo, sino que utilizan un intermediario para comunicarse con el resto de la célula. Este intermediario es el ARN mensajero (ARNm). Otros tipos de ARN—como el ARNr, el ARNt y el microARN— estan compuestos por monómeros llamados nucleótidos. Tres componentes comprenden cada nucleótido: Una base nitrogenada, un azúcar pentosa (de cinco carbonos) y un grupo fosfato. Cada base nitrogenada en un nucleótido se une a una molécula de azúcar, que se une a uno o más grupos fosfato. Las bases nitrogenadas, componentes importantes de los nucleótidos, son moléculas orgánicas y se denominan así porque contienen carbono y nitrógeno. Son bases porque contienen un grupo amino que tiene el potencial de unirse a un hidrógeno adicional, y así disminuir la concentración de iones hidrógeno en su entorno, haciéndolo más básico. Cada nucleótido en el ADN contiene una de cuatro posibles bases nitrogenadas: adenina (A), guanina (G), citosina (C) y timina (T). La adenina y la guanina se clasifican como purinas. La estructura primaria de la purina consiste en dos anillos de carbono-nitrógeno. La citosina, la timina y el uracilo se clasifican como pirimidinas que tienen un solo anillo de carbono-nitrógeno como estructura primaria. Cada uno de estos anillos básicos de carbono-nitrógeno tiene diferentes grupos funcionales unidos a él. En biología molecular, conocemos las bases nitrogenadas por sus símbolos A, T, G, C y U. El ADN contiene A, T, G y C, mientras que, El ARN contiene A, U, G y C.
 El azúcar pentosa en el ADN es la desoxirribosa, y en el ARN, el azúcar es la ribosa. La diferencia entre los azúcares es la presencia del grupo hidroxilo en el segundo carbono de la ribosa y el hidrógeno en el segundo carbono de la desoxirribosa. El residuo fosfato se une al grupo hidroxilo del carbono 5′ de un azúcar y al grupo hidroxilo del carbono 3′ del azúcar del siguiente nucleótido, que forma un enlace fosfodiéster de 5′–3′.
 Estructura de doble hélice de ADN
 El ADN tiene una estructura de doble hélice. El azúcar y el fosfato se encuentran en el exterior de la hélice, formando la columna vertebral del ADN. Las bases nitrogenadas se apilan en el interior, como un par de escaleras. Los puentes de hidrógeno unen los pares entre sí. Cada par de bases de la doble hélice está separado del siguiente par de bases por 0,34 nm. Las dos hebras de la hélice se dirigen en direcciones opuestas, lo que significa que el extremo 5′ de carbono de una hebra estará frente al extremo 3′ de carbono de su hebra complementaria. Sólo se permiten ciertos tipos de emparejamiento de base: A puede emparejarse con T y G con C. Esta es la regla de base complementaria. En otras palabras, las cadenas de ADN son complementarias entre sí.
 ARN
 El ácido ribonucleico, o ARN, está implicado principalmente en el proceso de síntesis proteica bajo la dirección del ADN. El ARN suele ser monocatenario y consiste en ribonucleótidos que están unidos por enlaces fosfodiéster.
 Existen cuatro tipos principales de ARN: ARN mensajero (ARNm), ARN ribosomal (ARNr), ARN de transferencia (ARNt) y microARN (mARN). El primero, el ARNm, lleva el mensaje del ADN, que controla todas las actividades celulares en una célula. Si una célula requiere una determinada proteína, el gen se activa y el ARN mensajero se sintetiza en el núcleo. La secuencia de base de ARN es complementaria a la secuencia de codificación del ADN de la que se ha copiado. En el citoplasma, el ARNm interactúa con los ribosomas y otros organelos celulares.
 El ARNm se lee en grupos de tres bases, conocidos como codones. Cada codón codifica un solo aminoácido. De esta manera, se lee el ARNm y se fabrica el producto proteico. El ARN ribosomal (ARNr) es un componente importante de los ribosomas en los que se une el ARNm. El ARNr asegura el alineamiento apropiado del ARNm y los ribosomas. El ARNr del ribosoma también tiene una actividad enzimática (peptidil transferasa) y cataliza la formación de enlaces peptídicos entre dos aminoácidos alineados. El ARN de transferencia (ARNt) es uno de los cuatro tipos más pequeños de ARN, generalmente de 70 a 90 nucleótidos de largo. Lleva el aminoácido correcto al sitio de síntesis proteica. Es el emparejamiento de base entre el ARNt y el ARNm que le permite al aminoácido correcto insertarse a sí mismo en la cadena polipéptidica. Los microARN son las moléculas de ARN más pequeñas, y su papel implica regular la expresión génica al interferir con la expresión de ciertos mensajes de ARNm.
 Aunque el ARN es monocatenario, la mayoría de los tipos de ARN muestran una extensa combinación de bases intramoleculares entre secuencias complementarias, creando una estructura tridimensional predecible esencial para su función.
 Este texto es adaptado de <a href="https://openstax.org/books/biology-2e/pages/3-5-nucleic-acids"> Openstax, Biología 2e, Capítulo 3.5: Ácidos Nucleicos</a>.

Los ácidos nucleicos son las macromoléculas más importantes para la continuidad de la vida. Llevan el plano genético de la célula y llevan instrucciones para su ...

Education

Educación

JoVE Core

Cell Biology

Biología Celular

Unit 1

Unidad 1

Biochemistry of the Cell

Bioquímica de la célula

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

TÉRMINOS Y CONCEPTOS CLAVE

dna and rna in cells

DNA and RNA are nucleic acids that help store and use genetic information in cells. They are key molecules in biology and are often studied together because they work as a pair in living systems.

Nucleic acids are built from repeating units called nucleotides. Each nucleotide has a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. The order of these bases carries the genetic code.

There are two main nucleic acids: DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, and RNA, or ribonucleic acid. DNA usually stores genetic information, while RNA helps carry and use that information in the cell. Their roles make them essential for heredity and cell function.

DNA and RNA in Cells

the periodic table and organismal elements

the-periodic-table-and-organismal-elements

Elements in the Human Body and Periodic Table

Elements are the smallest units of matter that cannot be broken down further by chemical processes. Scientists know 118 elements, but not all of them occur naturally. Only a small number are essential for life, and living matter depends mostly on carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, and oxygen. The periodic table organizes elements by their physical and chemical properties. Each square shows the element name, chemical symbol, atomic number, and atomic weight. The atomic number is the number of protons...

functional groups

Functional Groups in Organic Molecules

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types of chemical bonds

Chemical Bonds and How Atoms Join

Chemical bonds hold atoms together and help explain how different substances form. In chemistry, the main bond types are ionic bonds, covalent bonds, and metallic bonds. Ionic bonds form when electrons move from one atom to another. Covalent bonds form when atoms share electrons. Metallic bonds occur in metals, where electrons are held in a shared arrangement that gives metals their characteristic behavior. Understanding these bond types helps students compare how atoms connect in different...

noncovalent attractions in biomolecules

Biomolecule Interactions Without Covalent Bonds

Biomolecules often stay together through noncovalent attractions instead of covalent bonds. These weaker interactions help molecules recognize each other and form structures needed for life. The main noncovalent attractions are hydrogen bonds, electrostatic interactions, van der Waals forces, and hydrophobic interactions. Each one works in a different way, but all of them can influence how biomolecules fold, bind, and behave in cells. Hydrogen bonds form when a hydrogen atom is attracted to...

polymers

Polymer Chains and Their Properties

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what are lipids?

Lipids in Cells: Membranes, Energy, and Signals

Lipids are important cell molecules that act as membrane parts, energy stores, and signaling molecules. They are a diverse group of hydrocarbons, which are compounds made of carbon and hydrogen atoms. The carbon-carbon and carbon-hydrogen bonds are nonpolar, so lipids have an overall nonpolar character. Lipids are also hydrophobic, or “water-hating.” They do not form hydrogen bonds with water, so they are nearly insoluble in water. They are, however, soluble in organic solvents such as...

structure of lipids

How Lipid Molecules Are Built

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chemistry of carbohydrates

Carbohydrate Structure and Bonding

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nucleic acids

DNA and RNA are nucleic acids that help store and use genetic information in cells. They are key molecules in biology and are often studied together because they work as a pair in living systems. Nucleic acids are built from repeating units called nucleotides. Each nucleotide has a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. The order of these bases carries the genetic code. There are two main nucleic acids: DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, and RNA, or ribonucleic acid. DNA usually stores...

protein and protein structures

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ph regulation in cells

Cell pH and Organelle Balance

Cell pH and organelle balance are essential for normal cell function. pH affects protein shape and activity, the charge on cell membranes, and many metabolic reactions inside the cell. Cells also use the proton motive force, which is the energy stored in a proton gradient, to make ATP, the cell’s main energy molecule. The cytosol, or fluid inside the cell, is usually slightly more acidic than the fluid outside the cell. Even so, cells must stop the cytosol from becoming too acidic. They use...

chemistry of the cell

Cell Chemistry: Water, Ions, and Molecules

Cell chemistry explains the substances that make cells work. Water is the main component of cells, and it supports the chemical reactions that keep life going. Cells also contain organic molecules, which are carbon-based compounds, and inorganic ions, which are charged particles needed for cell function. Organic molecules in cells include carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. These molecules have different roles, but together they build cell structures, store energy, and carry...

key terms and concepts

Explore DNA and RNA as nucleic acids, how nucleotides build them, and how these molecules store and use genetic information in cells.

DNA and RNA in Cells | JoVE K12

cell biology

JoVE Core Biología Celular ilustra procesos celulares complejos mediante completos vídeos animados fáciles de entender. Esta colección se centra en los componentes esenciales de las células y su funcionamiento, incluyendo los orgánulos y las membranas, el transporte celular y el metabolismo energético celular. Todo este material se complementa con los vídeos de científicos en acción, que muestran la aplicación de la biología celular en experimentos reales de investigación.

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New York State Science Learning Standards

Structure and Function

HS-LS1-1.

Georgia Standards of Excellence

9-12

Biology

SB6.c

Characteristics of Life

Biology is a natural science that studies life and living organisms, including their structure, function, development, interactions, evolution, ...

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Cell Structure

Background
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Visualizing Onion and Cheek Cells
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What are Cells?

Cell Diversity

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Cytoplasm

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The Nucleus

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The Central Dogma

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Chromosome Structure

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Globular and Fibrous Proteins

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Intrinsically Disordered Proteins

Ribosomes

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Protein Complex Assembly

Protein and Protein Structures

Conjugated Proteins

Proteins: From Genes to Degradation

Amyloid Fibrils

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Proteins are polymers of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds. Proteins and polypeptides are interchangeably used to refer to long chains of amino ...

Ligand Binding Sites

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Protein-Protein Interfaces

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GTPases and their Regulation

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Protein Complexes with Interchangeable Parts

Mechanical Protein Function

Structural Protein Function

Protein Networks

Construct an explanation based on evidence for how the structure of DNA determines the structure of proteins, which carry out the essential functions of life through systems of specialized cells. [Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include identification of specific cell or tissue types, whole body systems, specific protein structures and functions, or the biochemistry of protein synthesis.]

Levels of Organization

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Animal and Plant Cell Structure

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Anatomy of the Intestines

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Carbohydrate Digestion

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Overview

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The Parasympathetic Nervous System

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an-introduction-to-the-zebrafish-danio-rerio

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Physiology of the Circulatory System

Homeostasis
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Anatomy of the Heart

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Measuring Circulatory System Function in Humans
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Blood Flow

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What Are Osmoregulation and Excretion?

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Blood Withdrawal I

Source: Kay Stewart, RVT, RLATG, CMAR; Valerie A. Schroeder, RVT, RLATG. University of Notre Dame, IN
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Kidney Structure

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Blood Withdrawal II

Source: Kay Stewart, RVT, RLATG, CMAR; Valerie A. Schroeder, RVT, RLATG. University of Notre Dame, IN
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What is the Immune System?

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Bone Remodeling

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Spermatogenesis

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Bone Structure

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Develop and use a model to illustrate the hierarchical organization of interacting systems that provide specific functions within multicellular organisms. [Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on functions at the organism system level such as nutrient uptake, water delivery, and organism movement in response to neural stimuli. An example of an interacting system could be an artery depending on the proper function of elastic tissue and smooth muscle to regulate and deliver the proper amount of blood within the circulatory system.] [Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include interactions and functions at the molecular or chemical reaction level.]

HS-LS1-2

DNA and RNA in Cells

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