Name: feedback in everyday control systems
Uploaded: 2024-09-26T13:17:14.000Z
Duration: 1 min 10 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

new-jersey-student-learning-standards-for-science

New Jersey Student Learning Standards for Science

High School

Physical Science

waves-and-their-applications-in-technologies-for-information-transfer

Waves and Their Applications in Technologies for Information Transfer

HS-PS4-5

Control Systems

Los sistemas de control influyen en muchas aplicaciones, desde los transbordadores espaciales hasta la fabricación automatizada. Existen de forma natural, como la regulación del azúcar en sangre de nuestro cuerpo y los ajustes de la frecuencia cardíaca durante el estrés.
Estos sistemas consisten en subsistemas y procesos que producen salidas específicas a partir de entradas dadas.
Considere un ascensor: un pasajero que presiona un botón inicia una entrada al sistema de control, dirigiéndolo al piso deseado.
El rendimiento del sistema, indicado por la velocidad y la suavidad de marcha del ascensor, se mide utilizando la respuesta transitoria, la reacción del sistema a los cambios, y el error de estado estacionario, la disparidad entre la salida real y la deseada.
Las variables controladas se miden y regulan; las señales de control guían estos cambios.
Las plantas son los objetos físicos que se controlan y los procesos son las operaciones bajo control.
Los sistemas combinan componentes para un objetivo, y las perturbaciones afectan a la salida. El control de retroalimentación mantiene el equilibrio al reducir las diferencias de referencia de salida.

sistemas de control

Los sistemas de control están presentes en todas partes en la sociedad contemporánea e influyen en diversas aplicaciones, desde la industria aeroespacial hasta la fabricación automatizada. Estos sistemas se pueden encontrar de forma natural en procesos biológicos, como la regulación del azúcar en sangre y el ajuste de la frecuencia cardíaca en respuesta al estrés, así como en sistemas creados por el hombre, como ascensores y vehículos automatizados. Un sistema de control es esencialmente una red de subsistemas y procesos que, de manera colaborativa, convierten entradas específicas en resultados deseados. 
En el corazón de cualquier sistema de control hay varios componentes clave: la variable controlada, la señal de control, las plantas, los procesos, los sistemas, las perturbaciones y los mecanismos de control de retroalimentación. La variable controlada es el parámetro que el sistema pretende regular. La señal de control es la directiva que se envía al sistema para efectuar cambios en la variable controlada. Las plantas se refieren a las entidades físicas que se gestionan dentro del sistema, como la maquinaria en una fábrica o el corazón humano en un contexto biológico. Los procesos abarcan las operaciones que ocurren dentro de la planta y la impulsan hacia el resultado deseado. El sistema en sí es un conjunto estructurado de componentes que trabajan hacia un objetivo específico. Las perturbaciones son factores externos que pueden influir en el rendimiento del sistema al provocar desviaciones respecto del resultado deseado. El control de retroalimentación desempeña un papel crucial, ya que supervisa continuamente el resultado del sistema y realiza los ajustes necesarios para minimizar la diferencia entre el resultado real y la entrada de referencia.
Consideremos el ejemplo de un ascensor. Cuando un pasajero pulsa un botón, esta acción sirve como entrada para el sistema de control, que luego procesa esta entrada y dirige el ascensor al piso designado. El rendimiento del sistema de ascensores se evalúa utilizando dos criterios principales: respuesta transitoria y error de estado estable.
La respuesta transitoria es la reacción del sistema a los cambios, como el movimiento inicial del ascensor cuando se presiona un botón. El error de estado estable es la diferencia entre la posición real del ascensor y la posición deseada una vez que el sistema se ha asentado y es estable. La suavidad del recorrido del ascensor y su velocidad son indicadores de la eficiencia y precisión del sistema.
El control de retroalimentación es un aspecto esencial de los sistemas de control modernos. Garantiza que la salida se mantenga consistente con la entrada deseada a pesar de cualquier perturbación. Funciona comparando la salida real con la entrada de referencia y haciendo ajustes en tiempo real para reducir cualquier discrepancia. Este mecanismo de autocorrección es crucial para mantener la estabilidad y lograr un control preciso en sistemas naturales y artificiales.
Al comprender y optimizar estos componentes, los ingenieros de control pueden diseñar sistemas que sean robustos, eficientes y capaces de realizar tareas complejas con alta precisión. Esta comprensión es fundamental para los avances en numerosos campos, desde la atención médica hasta la automatización industrial, lo que resalta el papel integral de los sistemas de control en la tecnología moderna.

Sistemas de control

Los sistemas de control influyen en muchas aplicaciones, desde los transbordadores espaciales hasta la fabricación automatizada. Existen de forma natural, como el azúcar en sangre de nuestro cuerpo...

Education

Educación

JoVE Core

Electrical Engineering

Ingeniería Eléctrica

Unit 1

Unidad 1

Introduction to Control Systems

Introducción a los Sistemas de Control

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

TÉRMINOS Y CONCEPTOS CLAVE

feedback in everyday control systems

Control systems use feedback to keep a variable close to a desired value. They appear in both natural and engineered settings. Examples include blood sugar regulation, heart rate changes during stress, elevators, automated vehicles, aerospace systems, and automated manufacturing.

A control system is a network of subsystems and processes that turns an input into a desired output. Several parts work together in that network. The controlled variable is the quantity the system tries to regulate. The control signal is the command sent to change that variable.

Other key parts include the plant, the process, the system, disturbances, and feedback control. The plant is the physical thing being managed, such as a machine in a factory or the human heart. The process is the set of operations inside the plant that leads toward the goal. A disturbance is an outside factor that can push the output away from the target.

Feedback control helps the system stay on track. It checks the actual output against the reference input and makes real-time adjustments to reduce the difference. This self-correcting action helps keep the output consistent, even when disturbances occur.

An elevator is a clear example of this kind of system. When a passenger presses a button, that input is processed and the elevator moves to the requested floor. Engineers judge its performance by transient response and steady-state error. Transient response is the system’s reaction to a change, such as the elevator starting to move. Steady-state error is the difference between the actual and desired position after the system settles. Smooth motion and speed show how efficient and accurate the system is.

Understanding these parts helps control engineers design systems that are robust, efficient, and precise. That idea matters in healthcare, industrial automation, and many other fields. Control systems are a key part of modern technology.

Feedback in Everyday Control Systems

control systems

Control systems use feedback to keep a variable close to a desired value. They appear in both natural and engineered settings. Examples include blood sugar regulation, heart rate changes during stress, elevators, automated vehicles, aerospace systems, and automated manufacturing. A control system is a network of subsystems and processes that turns an input into a desired output. Several parts work together in that network. The controlled variable is the quantity the system tries to regulate.

control systems: applications

Control Systems in Cars and Furnaces

Control systems are used in cars, electric furnaces, and space shuttles to manage devices and processes. They help equipment work safely, correctly, and efficiently. Electrical engineering plays a central role in making these systems work in daily life. In modern vehicles, control systems help manage performance and safety. The steering wheel and accelerator are key inputs in the car control system. The steering direction and pedal pressure are processed to control the vehicle’s speed and...

open and closed-loop control systems

Feedback in Open and Closed Control Systems

Control systems are key parts of automation and engineering. They are usually grouped into open-loop and closed-loop systems. The difference depends on whether the output is fed back to the controller. An open-loop control system works without feedback from the output. It has two main parts: the controller and the controlled process. The controller receives an input signal and drives the process to reach the desired result. Because it does not check the output, the system does not correct...

effects of feedback

Feedback in Control Systems: Gain and Stability

Feedback in control systems changes gain, stability, and noise response. It does more than reduce error. A basic feedback system uses input, output, error, and feedback signals to shape how the system behaves. One major effect is on gain. Gain is the amount a system amplifies an input. Without feedback, the gain is changed by the factor 1 + GH, where G is the open-loop gain and H is the feedback factor. This means feedback can increase or reduce gain, depending on the frequency range. <br...

feedback control systems

Types of Feedback Control Systems

Feedback control systems can be grouped by how they behave, how their parameters change, and what kind of signals they use. These categories help engineers choose the right control method for a given system. They also make design and analysis easier. Linear feedback systems are theoretical models that simplify control design. In these systems, output is directly proportional to input within a certain range. An amplifier is a good example, but only while the input stays within its allowed range.

key terms and concepts

Explore how feedback control keeps elevators, vehicles, and body processes on target. Learn key parts like controlled variable, plant, disturbance, and error.

Feedback in Everyday Control Systems | JoVE K12

JoVE Core Electrical Engineering offers easy-to-understand animated videos that cover fundamental concepts of electric circuits along with circuit analysis techniques. It incorporates first-order and second-order circuits using operational amplifiers and circuit transformation concepts. The inclusion of practical design examples and real-world applications through scientist-in-action videos adds significant educational value, making complex concepts accessible.

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Feedback in Everyday Control Systems

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