Name: secondary distribution voltage levels
Uploaded: 2024-11-21T14:54:44.000Z
Duration: 1 min 25 s
Channel: JoVE

La distribución secundaria suministra electricidad a los voltajes de utilización del cliente desde los transformadores de distribución hasta las instalaciones del cliente, con niveles de voltaje que varían para aplicaciones residenciales, comerciales o industriales.
Hay cuatro tipos generales de sistemas secundarios.
Los transformadores de distribución individuales sirven a clientes individuales, especialmente aquellos con grandes cargas o problemas de bajo voltaje. Aunque son más costosos, eliminan la necesidad de redes secundarias.
Un sistema principal secundario común conecta un alimentador primario a múltiples clientes mediante transformadores de distribución, manejando de manera eficiente los cambios de carga sin caídas de voltaje significativas y, a menudo, con secciones aisladas para mayor seguridad.
Las redes secundarias, que generalmente se encuentran en áreas urbanas de alta densidad, son alimentadas por múltiples alimentadores primarios a través de transformadores de red, lo que garantiza el funcionamiento incluso si fallan dos alimentadores.
Las rutas paralelas a las cargas minimizan las interrupciones de los clientes.
Las redes puntuales, ideales para edificios de gran altura o centros comerciales, proporcionan una alta confiabilidad y pueden manejar grandes cargas porque son alimentadas por múltiples alimentadores.
Los protectores de red desconectan automáticamente los transformadores durante fallas o inversión del flujo de energía, lo que garantiza un servicio al cliente ininterrumpido.

distribución secundaria

Los sistemas de distribución secundaria proporcionan energía eléctrica a los niveles de voltaje de utilización desde los transformadores de distribución hasta los medidores de los clientes. Los voltajes secundarios típicos en los Estados Unidos incluyen 120/240 V para uso residencial, 208Y/120 V para uso residencial y comercial, y 480Y/277 V para uso industrial y comercial en edificios altos.
En las áreas residenciales, se suele utilizar un servicio monofásico de tres cables de 120/240 V para iluminación, tomas de corriente y electrodomésticos grandes. Las áreas urbanas con cargas de alta densidad suelen utilizar un servicio trifásico de cuatro cables de 208Y/120 V para cargas de motores e iluminación. Los edificios de gran altura y las áreas industriales suelen utilizar un servicio trifásico de cuatro cables de 480Y/277 V para soportar equipos eléctricos pesados. El diseño adecuado de los sistemas de distribución garantiza que los niveles de voltaje del cliente se mantengan dentro de los límites del Instituto Nacional Estadounidense de Normas (ANSI). Se utilizan transformadores de cambio de tomas en carga y reguladores de tensión para mantener la tensión dentro de estos límites.
El transformador de distribución individual por cliente es común en las áreas rurales. Este sistema utiliza un transformador dedicado para cada cliente, adecuado para largas distancias entre clientes. Un sistema principal secundario común conecta múltiples servicios a un alimentador primario a través de uno o más transformadores. Aprovecha la diversidad entre las demandas de los clientes, lo que permite una capacidad de transformador menor en comparación con los sistemas de transformadores individuales. Las redes o rejillas secundarias se utilizan en áreas urbanas con altas densidades de carga. Son altamente confiables y consisten en alimentadores interconectados de múltiples transformadores. Operan de manera continua; las fallas se aíslan mediante protectores de red. Una red puntual consiste en una red secundaria que sirve una carga única y concentrada, como un edificio de gran altura. Las redes puntuales se alimentan de dos o más alimentadores primarios a través de transformadores de red. Garantizan una alta confiabilidad y flexibilidad del servicio.
Los sistemas de distribución secundaria son cruciales para mantener un suministro de energía confiable y eficiente, satisfaciendo las diversas necesidades de los clientes en varias regiones y aplicaciones.

Distribución secundaria

La distribución secundaria suministra electricidad a los voltajes de utilización del cliente desde los transformadores de distribución hasta las instalaciones del cliente, con niveles de voltaje ...

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Electrical Engineering

Ingeniería Eléctrica

Unit 1

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Power Distributions

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Secondary Distribution

secondary distribution voltage levels

Secondary distribution carries electrical energy from distribution transformers to customer meters at usable voltage levels. Common U.S. secondary voltages include 120/240 V for homes, 208Y/120 V for residential and commercial buildings, and 480Y/277 V for industrial sites and high-rise buildings.

In residential areas, 120/240 V single-phase, three-wire service is often used for lighting, outlets, and large appliances. Dense urban areas may use 208Y/120 V three-phase, four-wire service because it can supply lighting and motor loads. High-rise and industrial locations often rely on 480Y/277 V three-phase, four-wire service to run heavy electrical equipment.

Good distribution design keeps customer voltage within American National Standards Institute, or ANSI, limits. Load-tap-changing transformers and voltage regulators help hold voltage in that range. In rural areas, an individual distribution transformer per customer is common. This setup uses a dedicated transformer for each customer and works well when homes are far apart.

A common secondary main system connects several services to a primary feeder through one or more transformers. It uses diversity in customer demand, so the transformer capacity can be smaller than in an individual transformer system. Secondary networks, or grids, are used in cities with high load density. They are highly reliable, use interconnected feeders from multiple transformers, and keep operating continuously while network protectors isolate faults.

A spot network is a type of secondary network that serves one concentrated load, such as a high-rise building. It is fed by two or more primary feeders through network transformers. This arrangement provides high service reliability and flexibility. Secondary distribution systems help deliver power efficiently for different customer needs across rural, urban, commercial, and industrial settings.

Secondary Distribution Voltage Levels

power system distribution

Electric Power Flow from Plant to Home

Electric power distribution moves electricity from power plants to homes, businesses, and industry through transmission and distribution networks. Power plants convert energy from coal, gas, nuclear, water, and wind into electrical energy. They use three-phase generators, often rated from 50 to 1300 MVA, with terminal voltages from a few kV to 20 kV depending on the unit size and age. The transmission system carries this electricity over long distances with high voltage to reduce energy loss.

primary distribution

Electric Utility Feeders and Distribution

Primary distribution systems move electrical power from substations to consumers. They use several voltage classes, and 15-kV class voltages are the most common among U.S. utilities. Older 2.5-kV and 5-kV primaries are being replaced by 15-kV systems. Higher 25-kV to 34.5-kV classes are used in dense urban areas and in rural regions with long feeders. Many primary systems use three-phase, four-wire multigrounded lines. In this setup, the neutral wire serves as a grounding point. Substations...

secondary distribution

Secondary distribution carries electrical energy from distribution transformers to customer meters at usable voltage levels. Common U.S. secondary voltages include 120/240 V for homes, 208Y/120 V for residential and commercial buildings, and 480Y/277 V for industrial sites and high-rise buildings. In residential areas, 120/240 V single-phase, three-wire service is often used for lighting, outlets, and large appliances. Dense urban areas may use 208Y/120 V three-phase, four-wire service because...

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key terms and concepts

Learn how secondary distribution delivers power at customer voltage levels, from 120/240 V homes to 480Y/277 V industrial sites, using transformers and networks.

Secondary Distribution Voltage Levels | JoVE K12

JoVE Core Electrical Engineering offers easy-to-understand animated videos that cover fundamental concepts of electric circuits along with circuit analysis techniques. It incorporates first-order and second-order circuits using operational amplifiers and circuit transformation concepts. The inclusion of practical design examples and real-world applications through scientist-in-action videos adds significant educational value, making complex concepts accessible.

electrical engineering

Secondary Distribution Voltage Levels

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