Name: wind turbine types and generator control
Uploaded: 2024-11-21T14:54:38.000Z
Duration: 1 min 24 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills

High School

Earth Systems Science

112.49.c.12.

112.49.c.12.E.

Wind Turbine Machine Models

Hay cuatro tipos de turbinas eólicas. Los tipos 1 y 2 son modelos de máquinas de inducción, donde los devanados del estator inducen corrientes de rotor de CA a través del movimiento relativo entre el campo magnético y el rotor.
La diferencia entre las velocidades síncronas y del rotor por unidad se cuantifica como deslizamiento.
Este modelo incluye voltaje equivalente detrás de la resistencia del estator y la reactancia transitoria.
Las condiciones iniciales de estabilidad transitoria se determinan estableciendo dos ecuaciones diferenciales en cero y utilizando el flujo de potencia, la inyección de potencia real y el voltaje terminal como entradas.
La potencia reactiva negativa producida indica el consumo de energía de las máquinas de inducción.
Las turbinas de tipo 1 cuentan con un rotor de jaula de ardilla con resistencia fija, mientras que las de tipo 2 emplean máquinas de inducción de rotor bobinado con un sistema de control para ajustar la resistencia del rotor.
Las turbinas eólicas de tipo 3, también conocidas como generadores asíncronos dobles, utilizan máquinas de inducción de rotor bobinado.
Los devanados del rotor se conectan a la red de CA a través de un convertidor CA-CC-CA, lo que permite el control por separado de la potencia real y reactiva.
Las turbinas de tipo 4 utilizan un diseño totalmente asíncrono en el que la salida de la máquina se conecta a la red de CA a través de un convertidor CA-CC-CA.

estabilidad transitoria y controles del sistema

En el creciente campo de la energía eólica, la incorporación de modelos de turbinas eólicas en el análisis de estabilidad transitoria es esencial. Las máquinas de inducción y síncronas son los modelos principales que se utilizan, siendo las máquinas de inducción las más utilizadas debido a su simplicidad y fiabilidad.
Las máquinas de inducción interactúan a través del campo magnético giratorio generado por el estator y el rotor. El parámetro clave es el deslizamiento, que es la diferencia entre la velocidad sincrónica y la velocidad del rotor en relación con la velocidad sincrónica. El deslizamiento es cero a velocidad sincrónica, positivo cuando se utiliza un motor y negativo cuando se genera. La dinámica mecánica involucra la constante de inercia (H) y la diferencia de par (T_m−T_e).
Un modelo eléctrico simplificado para una máquina de inducción de jaula única representa el voltaje equivalente detrás de la resistencia del estator y la reactancia transitoria. Los parámetros clave incluyen la constante de tiempo de circuito abierto para el rotor y la reactancia sincrónica derivada de la reactancia de fuga y la reactancia de magnetización.
El par eléctrico y la potencia real inyectada en el terminal están determinados por las tensiones y corrientes internas de la máquina. Las máquinas de inducción suelen consumir potencia reactiva, indicada por un valor negativo.
Los modelos de turbinas eólicas son de cuatro tipos diferentes:
Tipo 1 y Tipo 2: Estos modelos utilizan generadores de inducción. El tipo 1 tiene una resistencia de rotor fija, mientras que el tipo 2 utiliza una resistencia de rotor variable para un mejor control, lo que afecta la constante de tiempo y la potencia de salida de la máquina.
Tipo 3 y Tipo 4: Estos modelos avanzados (Generadores Asíncronos Doblemente Alimentados y Sistemas de Convertidor Completo) permiten controlar tanto la potencia real como la reactiva. El Tipo 3 utiliza convertidores para el control de la corriente del rotor, lo que proporciona un amplio rango de velocidad. El Tipo 4 desacopla el generador de la red, lo que ofrece un control flexible y elimina el acoplamiento mecánico con la dinámica de la turbina.
Para comprender los modelos de máquinas de turbinas eólicas es necesario analizar la interacción de los componentes eléctricos y mecánicos para lograr un análisis de estabilidad preciso.

Estabilidad transitoria y controles del sistema

Hay cuatro tipos de turbinas eólicas. Los tipos 1 y 2 son modelos de máquinas de inducción, en los que los devanados del estator inducen corrientes de rotor de CA ...

Education

Educación

JoVE Core

Electrical Engineering

Ingeniería Eléctrica

Unit 1

Unidad 1

Transient Stability and System Controls

Estabilidad Transitoria y Controles del Sistema

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

TÉRMINOS Y CONCEPTOS CLAVE

wind turbine types and generator control

Wind turbine machine models are used to study how wind turbines behave in transient stability analysis. In this setting, induction machines and synchronous machines are the main model types. Induction machines are common because they are simple and reliable.

Induction machines work through the rotating magnetic field made by the stator and rotor. A key term is slip, which is the difference between synchronous speed and rotor speed relative to synchronous speed. Slip is zero at synchronous speed, positive during motoring, and negative during generating.

The mechanical side of the model uses the inertia constant, H, and the torque difference between mechanical torque, Tm, and electrical torque, Te. A simplified single-cage induction machine model shows an equivalent voltage behind stator resistance and transient reactance. Other important parameters include the rotor open-circuit time constant and the synchronous reactance, which comes from leakage reactance and magnetizing reactance.

Electrical torque and terminal real power injection depend on the machine’s internal voltages and currents. Induction machines usually consume reactive power, so this value is negative. Wind turbine models are grouped into four types, and each type handles control in a different way.

Type 1 and Type 2 models use induction generators. Type 1 has fixed rotor resistance. Type 2 uses variable rotor resistance, which improves control and changes the machine time constant and power output. Type 3 and Type 4 are more advanced. Type 3 is a doubly-fed asynchronous generator that uses converters to control rotor current and supports a wide speed range. Type 4 is a full converter system that decouples the generator from the grid, gives flexible real and reactive power control, and removes the mechanical link to turbine dynamics.

Wind Turbine Types and Generator Control

the swing equation

Generator Rotor Motion and the Swing Equation

Generator rotor motion is described by the Swing Equation in power system dynamics. It is used to study generating units such as three-phase synchronous generators. The equation comes from Newton’s second law applied to the generator rotor. It links inertia, angular acceleration, and the balance between mechanical and electrical torques. In steady-state operation, the mechanical torque supplied to the generator is equal to the electrical torque produced by the generator. When these torques...

simplified synchronous machine model

Transient Stability in Synchronous Generators

The synchronous machine model helps students analyze transient stability in power systems. It represents a synchronous generator under balanced three-phase positive-sequence conditions. The model assumes constant excitation and ignores losses and saturation. These simplifications make it easier to study how a generator behaves during a disturbance. In this setup, the generator is connected to a network of transmission lines, transformers, loads, and other machines. That larger system is often...

multimachine stability

Power-System Stability in Multi-Machine Networks

Power-system stability in multi-machine networks focuses on how several synchronous machines behave as they stay connected to an N-bus power system. The analysis solves the swing equations for the machines and tracks how the network responds when conditions change. It is used to study transient stability, which is the system’s ability to stay in step after a disturbance. The network is written with nodal equations that link bus voltages, machine voltages, and machine currents. In this model, V...

wind turbine machine models

Wind turbine machine models are used to study how wind turbines behave in transient stability analysis. In this setting, induction machines and synchronous machines are the main model types. Induction machines are common because they are simple and reliable. Induction machines work through the rotating magnetic field made by the stator and rotor. A key term is slip, which is the difference between synchronous speed and rotor speed relative to synchronous speed. Slip is zero at synchronous...

generator voltage control

Voltage Regulation in Generators and Wind Turbines

Generator voltage regulation helps keep synchronous generators and wind turbines working stably. Older systems use a DC generator driven by the rotor to supply DC power to the rotor field winding. That power is passed through slip rings and brushes. Newer systems use static exciters or brushless exciters. A static exciter rectifies AC power from the generator terminals and sends DC power directly to the rotor. A brushless exciter uses an inverted synchronous generator, takes AC power from...

turbine-governor control

How Turbine Governors Stabilize Power Output

Turbine-governor control helps keep generator frequency and rotor speed stable when electrical load changes. It does this by matching turbine mechanical power with the power demand on the system. In a power grid, that balance is important for steady operation. Turbine-generator units also store kinetic energy because their parts are rotating. When load increases, that stored energy is released to help meet the demand. At first, electrical torque rises while mechanical torque stays nearly...

load-frequency control

Load-frequency control in power grids

Load-frequency control keeps a power grid stable when electrical demand changes. It helps keep system frequency and power flow within acceptable limits. Turbine-governor control reduces rotor speed changes after a load shift, but a steady-state frequency error can still remain when the turbine-governor reference setting does not change. In an interconnected power system, each area agrees to export or import a scheduled amount of power through tie-lines, which are the transmission lines that...

key terms and concepts

Learn how wind turbine models use induction and synchronous machines, slip, torque, and converter control to explain Types 1–4 and grid behavior.

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Wind Turbine Types and Generator Control

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