Name: voltage regulation in generators and wind turbines
Uploaded: 2024-11-21T14:54:38.000Z
Duration: 1 min 21 s
Channel: JoVE

En los generadores síncronos, el excitador suministra energía de CC al devanado de campo del rotor.
Los modelos más antiguos utilizan un generador de CC accionado por rotor como excitador, mientras que los modernos utilizan excitadores estáticos o sin escobillas.
Los excitadores estáticos rectifican la alimentación de CA de los terminales o el bus del generador y la suministran al rotor.
Los excitadores sin escobillas utilizan un generador síncrono invertido, que rectifica la alimentación de CA desde los devanados del inducido hasta el devanado de campo.
Los excitadores de tipo 1 tienen un generador de CC accionado por eje y un regulador de voltaje que ajusta la corriente de campo en función del voltaje terminal.
En las turbinas eólicas, el control de voltaje varía según el tipo de excitador. El tipo 1 carece de control directo, mientras que el tipo 2 utiliza el control de resistencia para mantener constante la potencia de salida durante las ráfagas de viento.
Los excitadores de tipo 3 controlan la potencia reactiva, manteniéndola constante o variando con la potencia real de salida.
Los diagramas de bloques visualizan el control de voltaje del generador en programas de estabilidad transitoria.
Los excitadores de alta ganancia y respuesta rápida aumentan el voltaje de campo durante los cortocircuitos, lo que mejora la estabilidad transitoria.
Las ecuaciones del diagrama de bloques calculan la respuesta transitoria.

estabilidad transitoria y controles del sistema

Generator Voltage Control

El control de la tensión del generador es crucial para mantener el funcionamiento estable de los generadores síncronos y las turbinas eólicas. En los modelos más antiguos, un generador de CC impulsado por el rotor suministra energía de CC al devanado de campo del rotor, y la energía se transfiere a través de anillos colectores y escobillas. En los modelos más recientes, se utilizan excitadores estáticos o sin escobillas. Los excitadores estáticos rectifican la energía de CA desde los terminales del generador y luego transfieren la energía de CC directamente al rotor. Los excitadores sin escobillas, por otro lado, utilizan un generador síncrono invertido en el que la energía de CA se obtiene de los devanados del inducido y se rectifica a través de diodos montados en el rotor, lo que elimina la necesidad de anillos colectores y escobillas.

El diagrama de bloques proporciona un método estandarizado para visualizar los sistemas de control de tensión del generador. El excitador IEEE Tipo 1 utiliza un generador de CC accionado por eje para crear la corriente de campo, con un regulador de tensión que ajusta la corriente de campo en función de las mediciones de tensión de los terminales.

<img alt="Figure1" src="/files/ftp_upload/16172/16172_PT_figure_001.svg" style="height: 150px;">

En el diagrama de bloques, se mide la tensión terminal, V_t, y se compara con un tensión de referencia V_ref. La diferencia entre estos dos se utiliza para ajustar la tensión de campo. El regulador de tensión procesa el error de tensión con una ganancia (K_a) y una constante de tiempo (T_a). La salida del regulador de tensión es la tensión de campo aplicado al devanado de campo del generador, que ajusta la tensión terminal. Estos modelos representan la dinámica del excitador y del generador, lo que proporciona un método claro para analizar y mejorar la estabilidad.

Las turbinas eólicas de tipo 1 emplean máquinas de inducción de jaula de ardilla sin regulación directa de tensión. Los sistemas de tipo 2 utilizan máquinas de inducción de rotor bobinado con resistencia externa ajustable, modelada como un excitador, para mantener una salida de potencia constante a pesar de las variaciones de la velocidad del viento. Las configuraciones de tipo 3 y tipo 4 gestionan tanto la potencia real como la reactiva. El control de tensión del generador implica metodologías para garantizar el funcionamiento estable y confiable de los generadores sincrónicos y las turbinas eólicas modernas.

Estabilidad transitoria y controles del sistema

En los generadores síncronos, el excitador suministra energía de CC al devanado de campo del rotor.
Los modelos más antiguos utilizan un generador de corriente continua accionado por rotor ...

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JoVE Core

Electrical Engineering

Ingeniería Eléctrica

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Transient Stability and System Controls

Estabilidad Transitoria y Controles del Sistema

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

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voltage regulation in generators and wind turbines

Generator voltage regulation helps keep synchronous generators and wind turbines working stably. Older systems use a DC generator driven by the rotor to supply DC power to the rotor field winding. That power is passed through slip rings and brushes.

Newer systems use static exciters or brushless exciters. A static exciter rectifies AC power from the generator terminals and sends DC power directly to the rotor. A brushless exciter uses an inverted synchronous generator, takes AC power from armature windings, and rectifies it with diodes mounted on the rotor. This design removes the need for slip rings and brushes.

A block diagram is often used to show how generator voltage control works in a standard way. The IEEE Type 1 exciter uses a shaft-driven DC generator to produce field current. A voltage regulator then adjusts that current based on the measured terminal voltage. In the diagram, terminal voltage, Vt, is compared with a reference voltage, Vref, and the difference is used to adjust field voltage.

The voltage regulator processes the voltage error with a gain, Ka, and a time constant, Ta. Its output is the field voltage applied to the generator field winding, which changes the terminal voltage. These models describe exciter and generator dynamics and help engineers analyze and improve stability.

Wind turbines use related control ideas in different machine types. Type 1 turbines use squirrel cage induction machines and do not have direct voltage regulation. Type 2 systems use wound rotor induction machines with adjustable external resistance, modeled as an exciter, to help keep power output steady when wind speed changes. Type 3 and Type 4 configurations manage both real and reactive power.

Voltage Regulation in Generators and Wind Turbines

voltage-regulation-in-generators-and-wind-turbines

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generator voltage control

Generator voltage regulation helps keep synchronous generators and wind turbines working stably. Older systems use a DC generator driven by the rotor to supply DC power to the rotor field winding. That power is passed through slip rings and brushes. Newer systems use static exciters or brushless exciters. A static exciter rectifies AC power from the generator terminals and sends DC power directly to the rotor. A brushless exciter uses an inverted synchronous generator, takes AC power from...

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Load-frequency control keeps a power grid stable when electrical demand changes. It helps keep system frequency and power flow within acceptable limits. Turbine-governor control reduces rotor speed changes after a load shift, but a steady-state frequency error can still remain when the turbine-governor reference setting does not change. In an interconnected power system, each area agrees to export or import a scheduled amount of power through tie-lines, which are the transmission lines that...

key terms and concepts

Learn how generator voltage regulation works with static, brushless, and IEEE Type 1 exciters, plus how wind turbine types manage stable power output.

Voltage Regulation in Generators and Wind Turbines | JoVE K12

JoVE Core Electrical Engineering offers easy-to-understand animated videos that cover fundamental concepts of electric circuits along with circuit analysis techniques. It incorporates first-order and second-order circuits using operational amplifiers and circuit transformation concepts. The inclusion of practical design examples and real-world applications through scientist-in-action videos adds significant educational value, making complex concepts accessible.

electrical engineering

Voltage Regulation in Generators and Wind Turbines

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