Name: prokaryotic cell storage inclusions
Uploaded: 2025-06-12T09:31:19.000Z
Duration: 1 min 27 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Virginia  Standards of Learning

HIgh School

Biology

BIO.4

BIO.4.c

Cell Inclusions

Las inclusiones son estructuras intracelulares que sirven como sitios de almacenamiento de nutrientes, subproductos metabólicos u otros compuestos.El exceso de carbono a menudo se almacena en forma de gránulos de ácido poli-β-hidroxibutírico, compuestos de polímeros lipídicos o gránulos de glucógeno. Estas formas de almacenamiento sirven como depósitos de carbono y fuentes de energía rápida cuando es necesario.Los gránulos metacromáticos, o volutina, son gránulos de polifosfato que se encuentran comúnmente en Corynebacterium. Estos gránulos almacenan fosfato inorgánico para la síntesis de ácidos nucleicos y ATP.Los glóbulos de azufre, una reserva de energía para las bacterias oxidantes de azufre como Thiobacillus, almacenan azufre elemental.Algunas cianobacterias producen carboxisomas, que contienen enzimas como RuBisCO, que facilitan la fijación de dióxido de carbono.Las vacuolas de gas son estructuras huecas llenas de aire que permiten que las bacterias acuáticas y las arqueas mantengan la flotabilidad, optimizando el acceso a la luz y los nutrientes.Los magnetosomas, compuestos de magnetita o greigita, se encuentran en bacterias como Magnetospirillum magnetotactic. Alinean las bacterias acuáticas con el campo magnético de la Tierra y las guían hacia abajo, hacia zonas anaeróbicas con bajas concentraciones de oxígeno.

inclusiones celulares

Las c&#233;lulas procariotas poseen una variedad de inclusiones que desempe&#241;an funciones cruciales en el almacenamiento de nutrientes, los procesos metab&#243;licos y la adaptaci&#243;n al entorno. Estas estructuras permiten que las bacterias prosperen bajo condiciones ambientales fluctuantes, almacenando recursos esenciales y optimizando su eficiencia metab&#243;lica.
Almacenamiento de carbono: &#225;cido poli-&#946;-hidroxibut&#237;rico y granulos de gluc&#243;geno
Las bacterias almacenan con frecuencia el exceso de carbono en gr&#225;nulos especializados. Los gr&#225;nulos de &#225;cido poli-&#946;-hidroxibut&#237;rico (PHB) son pol&#237;meros lip&#237;dicos que act&#250;an como reserva de carbono y energ&#237;a a largo plazo. Estos gr&#225;nulos proporcionan una fuente energ&#233;tica que las bacterias pueden metabolizar durante per&#237;odos de escasez de nutrientes. Adem&#225;s, los gr&#225;nulos de gluc&#243;geno, compuestos por pol&#237;meros de gluc&#243;geno altamente ramificados, ofrecen una fuente energ&#233;tica de r&#225;pida disponibilidad. La estructura ramificada del gluc&#243;geno permite un acceso enzim&#225;tico eficiente, facilitando una r&#225;pida liberaci&#243;n de energ&#237;a cuando se necesita.
Los gr&#225;nulos de &#225;cido poli-&#946;-hidroxibut&#237;rico (PHB) tienen diversas aplicaciones industriales debido a su papel en la producci&#243;n de pl&#225;sticos biodegradables. El PHB es un tipo de polihidroxialcanoato (PHA) que constituye una alternativa a los pl&#225;sticos derivados del petr&#243;leo. Es valorado por su biocompatibilidad, ausencia de toxicidad y completamente degradable en el medio ambiente.
Gr&#225;nulos metacrom&#225;ticos: reservas de polifosfato
Los gr&#225;nulos metacrom&#225;ticos, tambi&#233;n conocidos como volutina, son dep&#243;sitos intracelulares de almacenamiento de polifosfato inorg&#225;nico. El t&#233;rmino "metacrom&#225;tico" hace referencia a su propiedad de te&#241;irse de un color diferente (meta) al del colorante aplicado, debido a su alto contenido en fosfato. Estos gr&#225;nulos tambi&#233;n se denominan "volutina" porque fueron observados por primera vez en Spirillum volutans. Com&#250;nmente observados en g&#233;neros como Corynebacterium, estos gr&#225;nulos sirven como reservorios de fosfato, un componente fundamental para la s&#237;ntesis de &#225;cidos nucleicos y ATP. Esta estrategia de almacenamiento favorece el crecimiento y la reproducci&#243;n bacteriana durante per&#237;odos de limitaci&#243;n de fosfato.
Gl&#243;bulos de azufre: almacenamiento de azufre elemental
Los gl&#243;bulos de azufre son prominentes en bacterias oxidantes de azufre, como Thiobacillus. Estas inclusiones almacenan azufre elemental derivado de la oxidaci&#243;n de compuestos de azufre reducidos, como el sulfuro de hidr&#243;geno o el tiosulfato, funcionando como una reserva energ&#233;tica f&#225;cilmente accesible. Este azufre almacenado puede oxidarse posteriormente a sulfato durante per&#237;odos de demanda energ&#233;tica, contribuyendo al metabolismo celular bacteriano. Este proceso no s&#243;lo proporciona energ&#237;a, sino que tambi&#233;n desempe&#241;a un papel en el ciclo del azufre en el medio ambiente, lo que ilustra la importancia ecol&#243;gica de estas inclusiones.
Carboxisomas: fijaci&#243;n del carbono
Las cianobacterias y otros procariotas aut&#243;trofos producen carboxisomas, microcompartimentos proteicos que contienen ribulosa-1,5-bisfosfato carboxilasa/oxigenasa (RuBisCO). Estas inclusiones facilitan la fijaci&#243;n del di&#243;xido de carbono al concentrar CO_2 y aumentar la eficiencia de la RuBisCO, una adaptaci&#243;n crucial para los organismos fotosint&#233;ticos en entornos con baja concentraci&#243;n de CO_2.
Vacuolas de gas: regulaci&#243;n de la flotabilidad
Las vacuolas de gas, presentes en bacterias y arqueas acu&#225;ticas, son estructuras huecas revestidas por prote&#237;nas que regulan la flotabilidad. Al ajustar su posici&#243;n dentro de la columna de agua, estos organismos optimizan su acceso a la luz y a los nutrientes. Esta adaptaci&#243;n resulta especialmente vital para bacterias acu&#225;ticas y fotosint&#233;ticas en ambientes acu&#225;ticos estratificados.
Magnetosomas: ayudas para la navegaci&#243;n
Los magnetosomas son inclusiones delimitadas por membranas que contienen &#243;xidos de hierro (por ejemplo, magnetita) o greigita. Estas estructuras son frecuentes en bacterias como Magnetospirillum magnetotacticum. Aline&#225;ndose con el campo magn&#233;tico terrestre, los magnetosomas gu&#237;an a las bacterias hacia zonas de bajo contenido de ox&#237;geno o anaerobias, m&#225;s favorables para su metabolismo. Este sistema de navegaci&#243;n magn&#233;tica ejemplifica las adaptaciones especializadas de las c&#233;lulas procariotas a sus respectivos nichos ecol&#243;gicos. En resumen, las inclusiones procariotas son estructuras multifuncionales que permiten a las bacterias almacenar nutrientes de forma eficiente, regular sus interacciones con el entorno y optimizar sus procesos metab&#243;licos. Estas adaptaciones ilustran la notable versatilidad y resiliencia de las formas de vida procariotas.

Inclusiones celulares

Las c&#233;lulas procariotas poseen una variedad de inclusiones que desempe&#241;an funciones cruciales en el almacenamiento de nutrientes, los procesos ...

Education

Educación

JoVE Core

Microbiology

Microbiología

Unit

Unidad

Microbial Cell Structure and Function        

Estructura y función de la célula microbiana

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

TÉRMINOS Y CONCEPTOS CLAVE

prokaryotic cell storage inclusions

Prokaryotic cell storage inclusions help bacteria store nutrients, manage energy, and adapt to changing environments. These inclusions let cells survive when food, phosphate, sulfur, light, or oxygen levels change. They are important examples of how simple cells can still have highly specialized structures.

Some inclusions store carbon. Poly-β-hydroxybutyric acid, or PHB, forms granules that act as a long-term carbon and energy reserve. Glycogen granules also store carbon, but they provide a faster energy source because glycogen is highly branched and enzymes can access it quickly.

PHB has another important role outside the cell. It is a polyhydroxyalkanoate, or PHA, and is used to make biodegradable plastics. It is valued because it is biocompatible, non-toxic, and fully degradable in the environment.

Other inclusions store phosphate. Metachromatic granules, also called volutin, are deposits of inorganic polyphosphate. They were first observed in Spirillum volutans, and they are common in bacteria such as Corynebacterium. These granules stain a different color than the dye used because of their high phosphate content, and they provide phosphate for nucleic acids and ATP.

Sulfur globules store elemental sulfur in sulfur-oxidizing bacteria such as Thiobacillus. The sulfur comes from oxidized reduced sulfur compounds like hydrogen sulfide or thiosulfate. The stored sulfur can be oxidized further to sulfate when the cell needs energy, and this also helps sulfur move through the environment.

Some prokaryotes use inclusions for carbon fixation and movement. Cyanobacteria and other autotrophic prokaryotes make carboxysomes, which are protein-based microcompartments that contain RuBisCO. These structures concentrate CO2 and help RuBisCO work better, especially when CO2 is low. Gas vacuoles are hollow, protein-lined structures in aquatic bacteria and archaea that control buoyancy, so the cells can stay where light and nutrients are available.

Magnetosomes help bacteria navigate. These membrane-bound inclusions contain iron oxides such as magnetite or greigite. In bacteria like Magnetospirillum magnetotacticum, magnetosomes align with Earth’s magnetic field and guide cells toward low-oxygen or anaerobic zones that better fit their metabolism. Together, these inclusions show how prokaryotic cells store resources, sense their surroundings, and live successfully in many habitats.

Prokaryotic Cell Storage Inclusions

prokaryotic vs. eukaryotic cells

Cell Organization in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells show two major patterns of cell organization. These differences shape the structure, size, and function of living things across the domains of life. Prokaryotic cells, such as bacteria and archaea, are simple in structure. They do not have a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles. Their DNA is usually a single circular molecule found in the nucleoid region, which is not surrounded by a nuclear membrane. Prokaryotes are usually very small, about 0.1 to 5.0...

microbial morphologies 

Microbial Shapes and Cell Forms

Microbial shapes and cell forms help bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotic microbes survive in many environments. Cell shape affects how these organisms grow, take up nutrients, and handle waste. It also reflects the link between structure and function. Among bacteria, cocci and bacilli are the most common shapes. Cocci are spherical cells, and they may appear alone or in pairs called diplococci, chains called streptococci, clusters called staphylococci, or groups of four called tetrads. Bacilli...

bacterial cell wall 

Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Walls

Bacterial cell walls give bacteria their shape and help protect them from osmotic stress. This rigid but flexible layer surrounds the plasma membrane and supports cellular integrity. Its main building block is peptidoglycan, a mesh-like polymer that adds strength while still allowing some flexibility. Peptidoglycan is made of alternating N-acetylglucosamine, or NAG, and N-acetylmuramic acid, or NAM. Short amino acid chains connect these sugar units and help form the strong network. The...

archaeal cell wall

Archaeal Cell Wall Types and Functions

Archaeal cell walls protect archaea and help them survive in extreme environments. Unlike bacterial cell walls, they do not have the peptidoglycan layer found in most bacteria. Instead, archaea use a range of materials, including proteins, polysaccharides, and pseudomurein, to build their outer layer. The most common archaeal cell wall is the S-layer, or surface layer. It is made of tightly packed protein or glycoprotein units that form a crystalline lattice. These repeating patterns can make...

peptidoglycan synthesis

Building the Bacterial Cell Wall

Peptidoglycan builds the bacterial cell wall and gives the cell its shape and strength. It is a mesh-like polymer around the bacterial plasma membrane. The polymer is made of repeating sugar units, N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) and N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM), linked by β-1,4 glycosidic bonds. Short peptide chains cross-link the sugar chains and make the wall more rigid. Peptidoglycan biosynthesis starts in the cytoplasm with soluble precursors. Uridine diphosphate, or UDP, binds to NAG and NAM to...

plasma membrane in bacteria and archaea

Bacterial vs Archaeal Membrane Lipids

Bacterial and archaeal plasma membranes control what enters and leaves the cell. They also help maintain cell integrity. Although both membranes do the same basic job, their structures are different because bacteria and archaea face different environmental demands. Bacterial plasma membranes are mainly made of phospholipids. These lipids have fatty acid chains linked to a glycerol backbone by ester bonds. They form a bilayer, with hydrophilic glycerol-phosphate heads facing outward and...

outer layers of the cell envelope

Capsules, Slime Layers, and S-Layers

Capsules, slime layers, and S-layers are outer coverings on prokaryotic cells. These layers help bacteria and archaea survive, attach to surfaces, and interact with their environment. They are often made of polysaccharides, polypeptides, proteins, or glycoproteins. Capsules are tightly bound and highly organized layers that stick firmly to the bacterial cell wall. They are usually made of polysaccharides, although some are made of polypeptides. A capsule protects cells from dehydration and can...

flagella and motility in bacteria

Bacterial Flagella as Tiny Rotary Motors

Bacterial flagella are thread-like structures that help cells move and respond to their surroundings. They extend from the cell envelope and support both motility and chemotaxis, which is the ability to move in response to chemical signals. Their design shows how bacteria use specialized structures to survive in different environments. A flagellum has three main parts: the filament, the hook, and the basal body. The filament is the long, helical part made of repeating flagellin protein...

fimbriae, pili, and axial filaments

How Bacteria Stick, Share Genes, and Move

Fimbriae, pili, and axial filaments are bacterial surface structures that help cells attach, exchange genes, and move. These hairlike appendages are made mainly of pilin protein. They support bacterial survival in different environments and can also increase pathogenicity. Fimbriae are fine, filament-like structures that are densely packed on the bacterial surface. They are about 2 to 10 nanometers wide and help bacteria attach to nonliving surfaces and to host tissues. This adhesion is an...

cell inclusions

Prokaryotic cell storage inclusions help bacteria store nutrients, manage energy, and adapt to changing environments. These inclusions let cells survive when food, phosphate, sulfur, light, or oxygen levels change. They are important examples of how simple cells can still have highly specialized structures. Some inclusions store carbon. Poly-β-hydroxybutyric acid, or PHB, forms granules that act as a long-term carbon and energy reserve. Glycogen granules also store carbon, but they provide a...

endospores and sporulation

How Bacteria Survive with Endospores

Endospores help some bacteria survive harsh conditions. These dormant cells are made mainly by Gram-positive bacteria such as Bacillus and Clostridium. They are highly resistant to heat, ultraviolet and ionizing radiation, drying, and toxic chemicals. In rare cases, endospore-like structures have also been seen in some Gram-negative bacteria, including Coxiella burnetii and Sporosarcina ureae, as well as in other species exposed to extreme conditions. Sporulation begins when bacteria face...

nucleoid

How Prokaryotes Organize DNA

Prokaryotes organize their DNA in the nucleoid, a distinct region where genetic material and associated proteins are packed. Because prokaryotic cells do not have a membrane-bound nucleus, the nucleoid helps keep DNA organized and available for cell activities. In most bacteria and archaea, the DNA is a single, circular, double-stranded molecule that is tightly compacted by supercoiling and protein interactions. Nucleoid-associated proteins, or NAPs, help shape and maintain this DNA region.

surface appendages of archaea

Archaeal Pili and Archaella in Action

Archaeal pili and archaella help archaea survive, attach, and move in challenging environments. These surface appendages support adhesion, biofilm formation, and motility. They give archaeal cells key advantages in habitats that can be extreme. Pili are filament-like structures made from pilin protein subunits. Their main role is adhesion, which means helping cells stick to surfaces. They also support biofilm formation, where cells live in a shared, surface-attached community. Some pili are...

key terms and concepts

Learn how prokaryotic cell inclusions store carbon, phosphate, and sulfur, support carbon fixation, control buoyancy, and guide bacteria with magnetosomes.

Prokaryotic Cell Storage Inclusions | JoVE K12

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Prokaryotic Cell Storage Inclusions

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