Name: cell cycle stages in mitosis
Uploaded: 2019-03-11T09:21:14.000Z
Duration: 2 min 3 s
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North Carolina K-12 Science Standard Course of Study

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From Molecules to Organisms- Structures and Processes

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Mitosis and Cytokinesis

<p>- Composée de cinq étapes uniques,la mitose est une forme de divisionau cours de laquelle le matériel génétique d'une celluleest partagé entre deux cellules filles. 
D'abord, au cours de la prophase, chez les humains,la chromatine du noyause condense en chromosomes en forme de X,constitués de paires de sœurs chromatidesattachées par un centromère. 
En même temps, en-dehors du noyau,deux organites en forme de L, les centrosomes,migrent aux côtés opposés de la cellule. 
</p><p>Ce faisant, il leur pousse à chacun des microtubules,vers l'extérieur ou l'intérieur de la cellule,formant un fuseau mitotique en forme de toile. 
Ensuite, l'enveloppe du noyau se dissoutau cours de la prométaphase,exposant les chromosomes aux autres contenus de la cellule. 
Des structures en protéinesapparaissent des deux côtés des centromères,une pour chaque chromatide. 
</p><p>Une fois ces kinétochores formés,les microtubules intérieurs s'étendent et s'y attachent,avec chaque chromatide sœurattachée à un pôle différent de la cellule. 
La mitose arrive ensuite à l'étape de la métaphase,où le fuseau mitotique ré-arrange les chromosomesde sorte à les orienter de la même façonen un rang fixe le long de l'équateur de la cellule. 
Lors de l'anaphase,les microtubules attachés aux kinétochores se rétrécissent,et les chromatides sœurs, appelées à présent chromosomessous leur forme individuelle, sont séparées. 
</p><p>Cela, en lien avec d'autres dynamiques microtubulaires,allonge la cellule. 
Finalement, durant la télophase,les chromosomes arrivent aux 2 côtés opposés de la celluleet le fuseau mitotique se dissout. 
Le matériel génétique se détend,et deux enveloppes nucléiques arrivent,une autour de chaque ensemble de chromosomes. 
</p><p>Pendant la télophase, un processus distinct, la cytodiérèse,voit la division du cytoplasme de la cellule. 
Le résultat final de la mitose est une paire de cellulesgénétiquement identiquement à leur prédécesseur. 
 </p>

<p>Guertin, David A., Susanne Trautmann et Dannel McCollum. « Cytokinèse chez les eucaryotes. » <em>Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev.</em> 66, n° 2 (1er juin 2002) : 155-78. [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1128/MMBR.66.2.155-178.2002 » target="__blank">Source</a>]</p>

mitose et cytodiérèse

<p>Chez les cellules eucaryotes, le cycle de la cellule — le cycle de division — est divisé en processus cellulaires distincts et coordonnés qui incluent la croissance cellulaire, la réplication de l’ADN/la duplication chromosomique, la distribution chromosomique aux cellules filles et, enfin, la division cellulaire. Le cycle cellulaire est étroitement réglé par ses systèmes de régulation ainsi que par les signaux extracellulaires qui influencent la prolifération cellulaire.</p>
 
 <p>Les processus du cycle cellulaire se produisent pendant environ 24 heures (dans les cellules humaines typiques) et en deux étapes principales distinctes. La première étape est la réplication de l’ADN, pendant la phase S de l’interphase. La deuxième étape est la phase mitotique (M), qui implique la séparation des chromosomes dupliqués en deux nouveaux noyaux (mitose) et la division cytoplasmique (cytodiérèse). Les deux phases sont séparées par des intervalles (les gaps G<sub>1</sub> et G<sub>2</sub>), au cours desquels la cellule se prépare à la réplication et à la division.</p>
 
 <h4>Le processus de mitose</h4>
 
 <p>La mitose peut être divisée en cinq étapes distinctes : la prophase, la prométhaphase, la métaphase, l’anaphase et la télophase. La cytodiérèse, qui commence pendant l’anaphase ou la télophase (selon la cellule), fait partie de la phase M, mais elle ne fait pas partie de la mitose.</p>
 
 <h4>La prophase</h4>
 
 <p>Quand la cellule entre dans la mitose, ses chromosomes répliqués commencent à se condenser et deviennent visibles comme des structures filaires à l’aide de protéines connues sous le nom de condensines. L’appareil de fuseau mitotique commence à se former entre les centrosomes — qui ont été dupliqués pendant la phase S — et à migrer vers les pôles opposés de la cellule. Le fuseau est composé de structures filamenteuses appelées microtubules qui sont composées de monomères de protéines de tubuline. Les microtubules du fuseau commencent à s’étendre vers les chromosomes condensés. Le nucléole, un composant du noyau qui produit des ribosomes, disparaît, indiquant la dégradation imminente du noyau.</p>
 
 <h4>La prométaphase</h4>
 
 <p>Pendant la prométhaphase, les filaments de microtubule de l’appareil du fuseau continuent de croître, et les chromosomes finissent de se condenser. L’enveloppe nucléaire se décompose complètement, libérant les chromosomes. Certains des microtubules se fixent aux chromosomes libérés, se liant à une structure protéique appelée la kinétochore, qui est présente sur le centromère de chaque paire de chromatides sœurs. Les microtubules du fuseau provenant des pôles opposés se fixent aux kinétochores et capturent les paires de chromatides sœurs condensées. Les microtubules du fuseau qui ne se fixent pas aux chromosomes — microtubules polaires et astraux mdash; aident à séparer les fuseaux et à ancrer les pôles du fuseau dans la membrane cellulaire.</p>
 
 <h4>La métaphase</h4>
 
 <p>Les microtubules du fuseau alignent chaque paire des chromatides sœurs entièrement condensées le long de l’équateur de la cellule — à la plaque de métaphase. La cellule est maintenant prête à se diviser.</p> 
 
 <h4>L’anaphase</h4>
 
 <p>Les microtubules des pôles opposés du fuseau, qui sont fixés à la structure de kinétochore, raccourcissent et séparent les chromatides sœurs au centromère. Les protéines de cohésion qui maintiennent les chromatides ensemble vont maintenant se décomposer. Les microtubules de kinétochore qui raccourcissent font migrer chaque chromatide de la paire — s’appelant maintenant des chromosomes — vers un pôle opposé.</p>
 
 <h4>Télophase</h4>
 
 <p>Une fois que les chromosomes atteignent les pôles opposés de la cellule, ils se décondensent et se déroulent pour former la chromatine. Les filaments de microtubule du fuseau se dépolymérisent en leurs monomères de tubuline, qui sont ensuite utilisés comme éléments du cytosquelette dans les cellules filles. Les enveloppes nucléaires se rassemblent autour de chaque lot de chromosomes.</p>
 
 <h4>La cytodiérèse</h4>
 
 <p>Pendant la cytodiérèse chez les cellules animales, les filaments d’actine forment un anneau contractile dans la membrane plasmique pour créer un sillon de clivage, qui sépare finalement la cellule en deux par pincement. Dans les cellules végétales, les vésicules de l’appareil de Golgi transportant du glucose, des enzymes et des protéines structurelles se joignent pour former une nouvelle plaque cellulaire à l’emplacement de l’ancienne plaque de métaphase. La plaque cellulaire grandissante fusionne avec les membranes plasmiques de chaque côté, formant éventuellement une nouvelle paroi cellulaire qui divise la cellule en deux.</p>
 
 <p>La mitose est maintenant terminée, générant deux cellules filles qui sont identiques à la cellule mère. Chez la plupart des cellules humaines, la mitose représente environ une heure du cycle cellulaire d’environ 24 heures.</p>

Mitose et cytodiérèse

Chez les eucaryotes, le cycle de division cellulaire est divisé en processus cellulaires distincts et coordonnés qui incluent la croissance cellulaire, la réplication de l’ADN/chromosomes ...

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cell cycle stages in mitosis

<p class="jove_content">Cell cycle stages in mitosis show how a eukaryotic cell copies its DNA and then divides into two daughter cells. The cycle is controlled by regulatory systems and by outside signals that affect cell growth and division. In typical human cells, the full cycle takes about 24 hours and includes two major phases. The first is DNA replication during the S phase of interphase. The second is the mitotic, or M, phase, which includes mitosis and cytokinesis. G1 and G2 are the gap stages between these phases, and they give the cell time to prepare for replication and division.</p>

<p class="jove_content">Mitosis has five stages: prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Cytokinesis may begin during anaphase or telophase, depending on the cell, and it is part of the M phase but not part of mitosis. As mitosis begins in prophase, the replicated chromosomes condense and become visible with the help of condensin proteins. The spindle apparatus starts to form between the duplicated centrosomes, which move to opposite poles. This spindle is made of microtubules, which are built from tubulin proteins, and the nucleolus disappears as the nucleus prepares to break down.</p>

<p class="jove_content">During prometaphase, the chromosomes finish condensing and the nuclear envelope breaks down. This releases the chromosomes into the cell. Some spindle microtubules attach to kinetochores, which are protein structures on the centromere of each pair of sister chromatids. Microtubules from opposite poles capture the sister chromatid pairs. Other microtubules, called polar and astral microtubules, help push the spindle poles apart and anchor them to the cell membrane.</p>

<p class="jove_content">In metaphase, the spindle microtubules line up each pair of fully condensed sister chromatids at the equator of the cell. This position is called the metaphase plate. The cell is then ready to divide. In anaphase, the kinetochore microtubules shorten and pull the sister chromatids apart at the centromere. The cohesion proteins that hold the chromatids together break down. Each chromatid is now a chromosome, and it moves toward an opposite pole.</p>

<p class="jove_content">In telophase, the chromosomes reach the poles and begin to decondense into chromatin. The spindle microtubules also depolymerize into tubulin monomers, which can be used again as cytoskeletal elements in the daughter cells. New nuclear envelopes form around each set of chromosomes. Cytokinesis then divides the cytoplasm. In animal cells, actin filaments form a contractile ring in the plasma membrane and create a cleavage furrow that pinches the cell in two. In plant cells, Golgi vesicles carrying glucose, enzymes, and structural proteins join to form a cell plate at the former metaphase plate. The cell plate fuses with the plasma membranes on both sides and develops into a new cell wall. Mitosis is complete, and the result is two daughter cells identical to the parent cell. In most human cells, mitosis takes about one hour of the 24-hour cell cycle.</p>

Cell Cycle Stages in Mitosis

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Learn how the cell cycle leads to mitosis and cytokinesis, from DNA replication and spindle formation to chromosome separation and cell division.

Cell Cycle Stages in Mitosis | JoVE K12

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Cell Cycle Stages in Mitosis

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