Name: recombinant dna in cloning and gmos
Uploaded: 2026-08-26T08:20:51.528Z
Duration: 1 min 34 s
Channel: JoVE

- L&#x27;ADN recombinantest de l&#x27;ADN provenant de diff&#xE9;rentes sources,g&#xE9;n&#xE9;ralement diff&#xE9;rentes esp&#xE8;cescombin&#xE9;es dans un laboratoirepour un usage g&#xE9;n&#xE9;ralis&#xE9; dans la recherche cliniqueet scientifique. 
L&#x27;ADN recombinant consiste g&#xE9;n&#xE9;ralementen un g&#xE8;ne int&#xE9;ressant, ici l&#x27;insuline,d&#x27;un organisme donneurins&#xE9;r&#xE9; dans un vecteur,ADN autoreproducteur d&#x27;un autre organisme,comme un virus ou un plasmide,petit morceau circulaire d&#x27;ADN bact&#xE9;rien. 
L&#x27;ADN de chaque source est d&#x27;abord coup&#xE9;par les endonucl&#xE9;ases de restriction,des enzymes qui d&#xE9;tachent l&#x27;ADN &#xE0; une s&#xE9;quence pr&#xE9;cise. 
L&#x27;ADN donneur est joint aux extr&#xE9;mit&#xE9;s de l&#x27;ADN vecteur,avec l&#x27;aide de l&#x27;enzyme ADN ligase. 
L&#x27;ADN recombinant est ensuite ins&#xE9;r&#xE9; dans un organisme h&#xF4;te,une bact&#xE9;rie ou une levure, o&#xF9; il est reproduit,cr&#xE9;ant de nombreuses copies du g&#xE8;ne int&#xE9;ressant. 
Le g&#xE8;ne peut ensuite &#xEA;tre plus facilement &#xE9;tudi&#xE9; ou,dans le cas de l&#x27;insuline, traduit en prot&#xE9;ine,en utilisant la machinerie cellulaire de l&#x27;h&#xF4;te.

Khan, Suliman, Muhammad Wajid Ullah, Rabeea Siddique, Ghulam Nabi, Sehrish Manan, Muhammad Yousaf et Hongwei Hou. 2016. « Rôle de la technologie de l’ADN recombinant pour améliorer la vie. » Revue internationale de génomique 2016. [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/2405954 » target="__blank">Source</a>]

Matsumura, Ichiro. 2015. « Pourquoi Johnny ne peut pas cloner : pièges courants et solutions moins courantes. » BioTechniques 59 (3) : IV-XIII. [<a href="https://doi.org/10.2144/000114324 » target="__blank">Source</a>]

adn recombinant

Recombinant DNA Technology

<h4>Aper&#xE7;u</h4>
 
 Les scientifiques cr&#xE9;ent de l&#x2019;ADN recombinant en combinant en laboratoire l&#x2019;ADN de sources diff&#xE9;rentes, souvent d&#x2019;autres esp&#xE8;ces. Le clonage d&#x2019;ADN permet aux chercheurs d&#x2019;&#xE9;tudier des g&#xE8;nes pr&#xE9;cis en les ins&#xE9;rant dans des cellules qui se manipulent facilement, comme les bact&#xE9;ries. Les organismes qui contiennent de l&#x2019;ADN recombinant sont connus sous le nom d&#x2019;organismes g&#xE9;n&#xE9;tiquement modifi&#xE9;s (OGM). La technologie de l&#x2019;ADN recombinant produit des organismes avec de nouveaux g&#xE8;nes qui peuvent &#xEA;tre b&#xE9;n&#xE9;fiques &#xE0; la science, &#xE0; la m&#xE9;decine et &#xE0; l&#x2019;agriculture.
 
 <h4>Comment les scientifiques cr&#xE9;ent-ils de l&#x2019;ADN recombinant ?</h4>
 
 La cr&#xE9;ation d&#x2019;ADN recombinant implique l&#x2019;insertion d&#x2019;un g&#xE8;ne d&#x2019;int&#xE9;r&#xEA;t dans un vecteur &#x2014; un v&#xE9;hicule qui transporte de l&#x2019;ADN &#xE9;tranger dans les cellules h&#xF4;tes pour la r&#xE9;plication de l&#x2019;ADN et l&#x2019;expression des prot&#xE9;ines. Les vecteurs de clonage les plus couramment utilis&#xE9;s sont les plasmides, de petits morceaux circulaires d&#x2019;ADN qui se r&#xE9;pliquent ind&#xE9;pendamment de l&#x2019;ADN chromosomique de l&#x2019;h&#xF4;te.
 
 Pour cr&#xE9;er de l&#x2019;ADN recombinant, l&#x2019;ADN du donneur, y compris le g&#xE8;ne d&#x2019;int&#xE9;r&#xEA;t, et le vecteur sont coup&#xE9;s &#xE0; des s&#xE9;quences nucl&#xE9;otidiques sp&#xE9;cifiques, appel&#xE9;es sites de restriction, &#xE0; l&#x2019;aide d&#x2019;enzymes de restriction. L&#x2019;enzyme ADN ligase scelle le squelette sucre-phosphate &#xE0; l&#x2019;endroit o&#xF9; le g&#xE8;ne d&#x2019;int&#xE9;r&#xEA;t et le plasmide se connectent. 
 
 Le r&#xE9;sultat est une mol&#xE9;cule d&#x2019;ADN recombinant compos&#xE9;e d&#x2019;un vecteur avec un morceau int&#xE9;gr&#xE9; de l&#x2019;ADN du donneur, appel&#xE9; un insert. Un scientifique peut alors introduire cette mol&#xE9;cule d&#x2019;ADN hybride dans un organisme h&#xF4;te, g&#xE9;n&#xE9;ralement des bact&#xE9;ries ou des levures, dans lesquelles elle se r&#xE9;plique facilement et rapidement. Cela cr&#xE9;e de nombreuses copies du g&#xE8;ne d&#x2019;int&#xE9;r&#xEA;t, ce qui est n&#xE9;cessaire pour la recherche scientifique et d&#x2019;autres applications. Le g&#xE8;ne peut &#xE9;galement &#xEA;tre transcrit et traduit dans la prot&#xE9;ine d&#xE9;sir&#xE9;e, comme l&#x2019;insuline humaine, en utilisant la machinerie cellulaire de l&#x2019;h&#xF4;te. 
 
 La cr&#xE9;ation d&#x2019;ADN recombinant est un processus imparfait, et des erreurs se produisent souvent. Par exemple, le vecteur peut se fermer sans l&#x2019;insert ou l&#x2019;insert peut &#xEA;tre incorrect (par exemple, invers&#xE9;). Avant d&#x2019;utiliser l&#x2019;ADN recombinant pour d&#x2019;autres &#xE9;tudes, les chercheurs doivent v&#xE9;rifier les erreurs. Le s&#xE9;quen&#xE7;age des nucl&#xE9;otides peut aider &#xE0; identifier les colonies de bact&#xE9;ries qui portent des plasmides avec l&#x2019;insert correct.
 
 Les scientifiques utilisent l&#x2019;ADN recombinant pour &#xE9;tudier les g&#xE8;nes et les prot&#xE9;ines
 
 La technologie de l&#x2019;ADN recombinant est particuli&#xE8;rement avantageuse lorsqu&#x2019;un scientifique a besoin de nombreuses copies d&#x2019;un g&#xE8;ne d&#x2019;int&#xE9;r&#xEA;t ou d&#x2019;un produit prot&#xE9;ique. Cependant, la recherche d&#x2019;un scientifique peut exiger un niveau suppl&#xE9;mentaire de complexit&#xE9;, comme la d&#xE9;tection ou la purification de la prot&#xE9;ine d&#xE9;sir&#xE9;e. Pour atteindre cet objectif, un chercheur peut attacher un marqueur ou un rapporteur &#x2014; des prot&#xE9;ines utilis&#xE9;es pour identifier un produit g&#xE9;n&#xE9;tique &#x2014; &#xE0; la prot&#xE9;ine d&#xE9;sir&#xE9;e afin de cr&#xE9;er un g&#xE8;ne de fusion ou un g&#xE8;ne chim&#xE9;rique.
 
 <h4>Applications en m&#xE9;decine et en agriculture</h4>
 
 Les scientifiques ont d&#x2019;abord utilis&#xE9; la technologie de l&#x2019;ADN recombinant pour produire de l&#x2019;insuline humaine dans les bact&#xE9;ries, ce qui a conduit &#xE0; un traitement pour le diab&#xE8;te. Depuis cette d&#xE9;couverte initiale, les chercheurs ont g&#xE9;n&#xE9;r&#xE9; d&#x2019;autres ADN recombinants &#xE0; des fins th&#xE9;rapeutiques. Les bact&#xE9;ries recombinantes fabriquent l&#x2019;hormone de croissance humaine &#x2014; une prot&#xE9;ine n&#xE9;cessaire &#xE0; la croissance et au d&#xE9;veloppement normaux &#x2014; pour traiter les patients souffrant d&#x2019;une carence en hormone de croissance. Les cellules de mammif&#xE8;res recombinantes, d&#xE9;riv&#xE9;es de l&#x2019;homme et des hamsters, produisent le facteur VIII &#x2014; une prot&#xE9;ine n&#xE9;cessaire &#xE0; la coagulation normale du sang &#x2014; pour traiter les patients atteints d&#x2019;h&#xE9;mophilie. De toute &#xE9;vidence, la technologie de l&#x2019;ADN recombinant est un outil puissant pour la production &#xE0; grande &#xE9;chelle de prot&#xE9;ines essentielles.
 
 Les progr&#xE8;s agricoles de la technologie de l&#x2019;ADN recombinant ont &#xE9;galement un impact sur le bien-&#xEA;tre humain. Par exemple, les cultures de producteurs de ma&#xEF;s ont subi d&#x2019;importants d&#xE9;g&#xE2;ts en raison de la pyrale du ma&#xEF;s, un insecte ravageur. En r&#xE9;ponse, les scientifiques ont isol&#xE9; des g&#xE8;nes d&#x2019;une bact&#xE9;rie vivant dans le sol, Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), pour cr&#xE9;er du ma&#xEF;s g&#xE9;n&#xE9;tiquement modifi&#xE9; et r&#xE9;sistant aux insectes ravageurs. Bacillus thuringiensis produit naturellement des prot&#xE9;ines qui sont toxiques pour certains insectes, mais pas pour les humains, les plantes ou d&#x2019;autres animaux. L&#x2019;introduction de ma&#xEF;s Bt r&#xE9;sistant aux insectes ravageurs a am&#xE9;lior&#xE9; les rendements des cultures et r&#xE9;duit l&#x2019;utilisation de pesticides chimiques. Ces applications agricoles am&#xE9;liorent la qualit&#xE9; et la quantit&#xE9; de l&#x2019;approvisionnement alimentaire mondial.

ADN recombinant

Overview

Scientists create recombinant DNA by combining DNA from different sources&#x2014;often, other species&#x2014;in the laboratory. DNA cloning allows ...

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recombinant dna in cloning and gmos

Recombinant DNA is made by joining DNA from different sources in the lab. Scientists often use it to clone genes and study them in cells that are easy to handle, such as bacteria. Organisms that carry recombinant DNA are called genetically modified organisms, or GMOs. This technology gives scientists new tools for research, medicine, and agriculture.

To build recombinant DNA, researchers place a gene of interest into a vector, which is a DNA carrier that moves foreign DNA into a host cell. The most common vectors are plasmids, small circular DNA molecules that copy themselves separately from the cell’s chromosomal DNA. Scientists cut both the donor DNA and the vector at specific restriction sites using restriction enzymes. Then DNA ligase seals the sugar-phosphate backbone where the insert joins the plasmid.

The final product is a recombinant DNA molecule with a vector carrying an inserted piece of donor DNA. Scientists can put this hybrid DNA into a host organism, usually bacteria or yeast. The host then replicates the DNA quickly, making many copies of the gene of interest. In some cases, the host’s machinery also transcribes and translates the gene into a protein, such as human insulin.

Creating recombinant DNA is not always perfect. The vector may close without taking in the insert, or the insert may end up in the wrong direction. Before moving on, researchers check for these errors. Nucleotide sequencing helps them find bacteria colonies that contain plasmids with the correct insert.

Recombinant DNA is useful when scientists need many copies of a gene or a protein product. Some projects need extra steps, such as making the protein easier to detect or purify. For that reason, researchers may attach a tag or reporter protein to create a fusion gene, also called a chimeric gene.

This technology has major uses in medicine and agriculture. Scientists first used recombinant DNA to make human insulin in bacteria for diabetes treatment. They also use recombinant bacteria to produce human growth hormone for growth hormone deficiency. Recombinant mammalian cells, from humans and hamsters, make Factor VIII to treat hemophilia. In agriculture, scientists used genes from Bacillus thuringiensis, or Bt, to create pest-resistant corn. Bt proteins are toxic to certain insects, not humans, plants, or other animals, so Bt corn can improve crop yields and reduce chemical pesticide use.

Recombinant DNA in Cloning and GMOs

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How Scientists Edit DNA for New Traits

Genetic engineering changes an organism’s DNA to add useful traits. Scientists use it in bacteria, plants, animals, and even viruses for research, medicine, agriculture, and industry. It can bring major benefits, but it also raises ethical concerns about humans and the food supply. This work is possible because DNA has the same basic structure and genetic code across life. That shared code lets scientists modify DNA in several ways. One method is CRISPR/Cas9, often called molecular scissors,...

dna isolation

Steps in DNA Extraction

DNA extraction is the process of removing and purifying DNA from cells. It is used in many biotechnology and research applications, including molecular cloning. The main goal is to free DNA from the cell and prepare it for later study or use. The first step is cell lysis, which means breaking cells open. Researchers may use a homogenizer, sonicator, or bead beater to physically lyse the cells. They also often add detergent to chemically disrupt the lipid-based cell membranes. This helps...

recombinant dna technology

Recombinant DNA is made by joining DNA from different sources in the lab. Scientists often use it to clone genes and study them in cells that are easy to handle, such as bacteria. Organisms that carry recombinant DNA are called genetically modified organisms, or GMOs. This technology gives scientists new tools for research, medicine, and agriculture. To build recombinant DNA, researchers place a gene of interest into a vector, which is a DNA carrier that moves foreign DNA into a host cell. The...

PCR Cycle for DNA Amplification

PCR is a laboratory method for making many copies of a DNA segment. It can turn a small amount of DNA into millions or even billions of copies in just a few hours. The process uses a heat-resistant DNA polymerase inside a machine called a thermocycler. PCR was developed by Kary Mullis in 1983, and he received the 1993 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for it. The method is fast, relatively inexpensive, and precise. It has become useful for molecular cloning, gene mutagenesis, pathogen detection, gene...

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From mRNA to cDNA for Gene Studies

Complementary DNA, or cDNA, is made from messenger RNA (mRNA) so scientists can study which genes are active in cells and tissues. Only genes that are transcribed into mRNA are expressed. By extracting mRNA from cells, researchers can compare gene expression across samples. cDNA is produced by reverse transcription. This process copies mRNA into DNA, which is useful because mRNA does not contain introns, or non-coding regions, and other regulatory sequences. As a result, cDNA can help...

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Antibiotic Resistance in Cloning

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transgenic organisms

Creating Transgenic Plants and Animals

Transgenic organisms are genetically engineered to carry a transgene, which is a gene from a different species, in their genome. The inserted gene may be a new gene for that organism or a different version of one it already has. Scientists usually make transgenes with recombinant DNA and DNA cloning methods. Researchers use transgenic bacteria, plants, and animals to answer biological questions and to build useful tools. To make a transgenic organism, they first choose a transgenesis method,...

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Knockout Mice and Gene Replacement

Knockout mice help researchers study gene function by showing what happens when a gene is turned off. These engineered animals are also useful for modeling human diseases such as cancer, Parkinson’s disease, and diabetes. A specific gene can be targeted by using a targeting vector, which is a piece of engineered DNA that replaces the normal gene and inactivates it. The vector has matching DNA sequences on both ends. These homologous sequences let the vector swap in for the target gene through...

crispr

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Gene Delivery for Serious Diseases

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embryonic stem cells

How Embryonic Stem Cells Become Specialized

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adult stem cells

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induced pluripotent stem cells

Reprogramming Mature Cells into Stem Cells

Reprogramming mature cells into stem cells lets scientists turn specialized cells back into an unspecialized state. These cells are called induced pluripotent stem cells, or iPSCs. Like embryonic stem cells, iPSCs are pluripotent, which means they can form all cell types. To make iPSCs, researchers start with mature cells such as skin fibroblasts or blood cells. The cells are grown in culture, and genes for several transcription factors are delivered with a viral vector. The cells then make...

reproductive cloning

Cloning Animals with SCNT

Reproductive cloning can produce a genetically identical copy of an entire organism. In adult animals, this is usually done with somatic cell nuclear transfer, or SCNT. Another way clones can form is by splitting an early embryo, which is similar to how identical twins arise naturally. In SCNT, an egg cell is taken from an animal and its nucleus is removed. This creates an enucleated egg. A somatic cell, which is any body cell that is not a sex cell, is then taken from the animal to be cloned.

genomics

Genomics and DNA Sequencing

Genomics studies the full set of genetic material in an organism. In humans, that genome includes the DNA carried in 23 pairs of chromosomes in the nucleus, along with mitochondrial DNA. Genomics looks at both coding DNA and non-coding DNA, which helps scientists study how living things are built and how they differ. This field is useful in many areas of biology and medicine. Scientists use genomics to build phylogenetic trees, improve crop productivity and sustainability, help with criminal...

key terms and concepts

See how scientists build recombinant DNA with plasmids, restriction enzymes, and ligase, then use it to make proteins and GMOs in medicine and farming.

Recombinant DNA in Cloning and GMOs | JoVE K12

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Recombinant DNA in Cloning and GMOs

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