Name: cloning animals with scnt
Uploaded: 2019-03-11T09:21:22.000Z
Duration: 1 min 27 s
Channel: JoVE

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Links Among Engineering, Technology, Science, and Society

BIO1.ETS2.3

Reproductive Cloning

- [Instructeur] Le clonage reproductif est la productiond'une copie génétiquement identique, un clone,d'un organisme. 
Dolly la brebis, conçue en 1996,a été le premier clone d'un animal adulte. 
Mais depuis, plusieurs autres espèces ont été clonées,dont les chiens et les chats. 
Animal d'origine - CloneLa méthode de clonage d'animaux adultes la plus répandueest le transfert de noyaux de cellules somatiques. 
D'abord, on retire le noyau d'un ovule. 
Puis on récupère une cellule somatique,telle qu'une cellule cutanée,de l'animal qu'on veut cloner. 
Le noyau contenant l'ADN chromosomique est retiréet injecté dans l'ovule. 
On stimule l'ovule pour qu'il se divise,chimiquement ou électriquement. 
Il forme alors un embryonqu'on implante dans l'utérus d'une femelle adulte,où il continuera à se développer jusqu'à sa naissance. 
Le clone obtenu possède le même ADN chromosomiqueque l'animal d'origine,mais l'ADN mitochondrial est souvent différent,car les mitochondries viennent du cytoplasme de l'ovule,qui est généralement extrait d'un individu différent. 
De plus, des différences phénotypiquesentre le clone et l'original peuvent se produire,en raison de facteurs environnementaux et épigénétiques,durant le développement. 
Tout comme les jumeaux identiquesqui sont quelque peu différents,alors qu'ils ont le même ADN.

Ayala, Francisco J. "Clonage des humains ? Considérations biologiques, éthiques et sociales. Actes de l’Académie nationale des sciences des États-Unis d’Amérique 112, n° 29 (21 juillet 2015) : 8879-86. [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1501798112 » target="__blank">Source</a>]
Keefer, Carol L. « Clonage artificiel d’animaux domestiques ». Actes de l’Académie nationale des sciences des États-Unis d’Amérique 112, n° 29 (21 juillet 2015) : 8874-78. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1501718112 » target="__blank">https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1501718112</a>.

clonage reproductif

Le clonage reproductif est le processus de production d’une copie génétiquement identique — un clone — d’un organisme entier. Alors que les clones peuvent être produits en divisant un embryon précoce &mdah; semblable à ce qui se passe naturellement avec des jumeaux identiques — le clonage d’animaux adultes est généralement effectué par un procédé appelé transfert nucléaire de cellules somatiques (TNCS).
 
 <h4>Transfert nucléaire de cellules somatiques</h4>
 
 Dans le cadre du TNCS, un ovocyte est prélevé sur un animal et son noyau est retiré, ce qui crée un ovocyte énucléé. Ensuite, une cellule somatique — toute cellule qui n’est pas une cellule sexuelle — est prélevée sur l’animal devant être cloné. Le noyau de la cellule somatique est ensuite transféré dans l'ovocyte énucléé, soit par injection directe, soit par fusion de la cellule somatique à l'ovocyte à l’aide d’un courant électrique. 
 
 
 L'ovocyte contient maintenant le noyau, avec l’ADN chromosomique, de l’animal à cloner. On le stimule pour qu’il se divise, formant un embryon qui est ensuite implanté dans l’utérus d’une mère porteuse. Si tout va bien, il se développe normalement et le clone est né.
 
 Bien que ce procédé ait été utilisé pour cloner avec succès de nombreux types d’animaux, y compris des moutons, des vaches, des mules, des lapins et des chiens, son taux de réussite est faible, avec seulement un faible pourcentage d’embryons survivant à la naissance. Les animaux clonés qui survivent à la naissance semblent également vieillir et mourir prématurément. C’est parce que leur ADN provient de cellules adultes qui ont subi le raccourcissement des télomères — la perte d’une petite partie des extrémités protectrices des chromosomes avec chaque division cellulaire — dans le cadre du processus normal de vieillissement. 
 
 Alors que l’ADN chromosomique du clone est le même que celui du donneur de noyau, il peut avoir un ADN mitochondrial différent, puisque les mitochondries proviennent du cytoplasme de l’ovocyte qui appartient habituellement à un animal différent. En outre, des différences phénotypiques peuvent se produire entre le clone et l’animal d’origine, en raison de facteurs environnementaux et épigénétiques. Par exemple, le premier chat cloné, Cc, avait l’air très différent du chat d’origine, parce que le motif de la fourrure est dû à l’inactivation aléatoire du chromosome X dans différentes cellules.
 
 Malgré les défis techniques, le clonage reproductif a de nombreuses utilisations potentielles, y compris la production d’animaux de recherche génétiquement identiques, de bétail avec les traits désirés et de la progéniture d’espèces menacées. Il a même des applications potentielles dans l’infertilité humaine et la maladie, bien que le clonage d’humains n’ait pas encore été fait et soulèverait des préoccupations éthiques.

Clonage reproductif

Le clonage reproductif est le processus de production d’une copie génétiquement identique – un clone – d’un organisme entier. Alors que les clones peuvent être produits par ...

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cloning animals with scnt

Reproductive cloning can produce a genetically identical copy of an entire organism. In adult animals, this is usually done with somatic cell nuclear transfer, or SCNT. Another way clones can form is by splitting an early embryo, which is similar to how identical twins arise naturally.

In SCNT, an egg cell is taken from an animal and its nucleus is removed. This creates an enucleated egg. A somatic cell, which is any body cell that is not a sex cell, is then taken from the animal to be cloned. The nucleus from that cell is placed into the enucleated egg by direct injection or by fusing the cells with an electrical current.

The egg now contains the chromosomal DNA of the animal being cloned. It is stimulated to divide and form an embryo. That embryo is then implanted into the uterus of a surrogate mother. If development proceeds normally, the clone is born.

This method has been used to clone many animals, including sheep, cows, mules, rabbits, and dogs. Even so, the success rate is low, and only a small percentage of embryos survive to birth. Clones that do survive may age and die early because the DNA comes from adult cells that already show telomere shortening, which is the loss of protective chromosome ends during cell division.

A clone has the same chromosomal DNA as the nucleus donor, but it may have different mitochondrial DNA. That is because mitochondria come from the egg cell cytoplasm, which usually comes from a different animal. Clones can also look different from the original animal because of environmental and epigenetic effects. The first cloned cat, Cc, is one example, since coat pattern depends on random X-chromosome inactivation in different cells.

Despite these challenges, reproductive cloning may be useful for making genetically identical research animals, livestock with desired traits, and offspring of endangered species. It may also have possible uses in human infertility and disease. However, humans have not been cloned, and doing so would raise ethical concerns.

Cloning Animals with SCNT

what is genetic engineering?

How Scientists Edit DNA for New Traits

Genetic engineering changes an organism’s DNA to add useful traits. Scientists use it in bacteria, plants, animals, and even viruses for research, medicine, agriculture, and industry. It can bring major benefits, but it also raises ethical concerns about humans and the food supply. This work is possible because DNA has the same basic structure and genetic code across life. That shared code lets scientists modify DNA in several ways. One method is CRISPR/Cas9, often called molecular scissors,...

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DNA extraction is the process of removing and purifying DNA from cells. It is used in many biotechnology and research applications, including molecular cloning. The main goal is to free DNA from the cell and prepare it for later study or use. The first step is cell lysis, which means breaking cells open. Researchers may use a homogenizer, sonicator, or bead beater to physically lyse the cells. They also often add detergent to chemically disrupt the lipid-based cell membranes. This helps...

recombinant dna technology

Recombinant DNA in Cloning and GMOs

Recombinant DNA is made by joining DNA from different sources in the lab. Scientists often use it to clone genes and study them in cells that are easy to handle, such as bacteria. Organisms that carry recombinant DNA are called genetically modified organisms, or GMOs. This technology gives scientists new tools for research, medicine, and agriculture. To build recombinant DNA, researchers place a gene of interest into a vector, which is a DNA carrier that moves foreign DNA into a host cell. The...

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complementary dna

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in-vitro mutagenesis (gene knockouts)

Knockout Mice and Gene Replacement

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crispr

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gene therapy

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adult stem cells

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induced pluripotent stem cells

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reproductive cloning

Reproductive cloning can produce a genetically identical copy of an entire organism. In adult animals, this is usually done with somatic cell nuclear transfer, or SCNT. Another way clones can form is by splitting an early embryo, which is similar to how identical twins arise naturally. In SCNT, an egg cell is taken from an animal and its nucleus is removed. This creates an enucleated egg. A somatic cell, which is any body cell that is not a sex cell, is then taken from the animal to be cloned.

genomics

Genomics and DNA Sequencing

Genomics studies the full set of genetic material in an organism. In humans, that genome includes the DNA carried in 23 pairs of chromosomes in the nucleus, along with mitochondrial DNA. Genomics looks at both coding DNA and non-coding DNA, which helps scientists study how living things are built and how they differ. This field is useful in many areas of biology and medicine. Scientists use genomics to build phylogenetic trees, improve crop productivity and sustainability, help with criminal...

key terms and concepts

Explore how somatic cell nuclear transfer creates cloned animals, why success is limited, and how cloning may support research, agriculture, and conservation.

Cloning Animals with SCNT | JoVE K12

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Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information on how molecular biotechnology may be used in a variety of fields.
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Cloning Animals with SCNT

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