Name: nervous system parts and control
Uploaded: 2019-03-11T09:21:26.000Z
Duration: 1 min 25 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Next Generation Science Standards

High School

Life Science

from-molecules-to-organisms-structures-and-processes

From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes

HS-LS1-2

What is a Nervous System?

- [Formateur] Le système nerveux permet à une personnede détecter le monde extérieuret d'y répondre de façon appropriée. 
De plus, il contrôle des fonctions allant de la respirationau raisonnement avancé. 
Le système est divisé en deux parties :le système nerveux central, ou SNC,qui contient le cerveau et la moelle épinièreet le système nerveux périphérique, le SNP. 
qui comprend les nerfs qui se déplacent entre le SNCet le reste du corps. 
Le cerveau est subdivisé en zones qui remplissentdifférentes fonctions, telles que le traitementd'informations visuelles ou la coordination des mouvements. 
Mais il est également fortement interconnecté, permettantl'intégration de l'information. 
Comme le reste du système nerveux,le cerveau est composé de neurones,des cellules qui génèrent et transmettent des signaux neuroet de la glie et qui favorisent le fonctionnement neural. 
Au-dessous du cerveau se trouve la moelle épinière,un tissu du SNC qui s'étend dans le canal vertébral. 
Il facilite la signalisation entre le cerveau et le SNPet contrôle certaines fonctions de base comme les réflexes. 
Dans le SNP, les nerfs, des amas d'axones neuronaux,transmettent des instructions aux muscles du squelette pourcontrôler le mouvement et aux organes internes pour régulerles fonctions autonomes telles que la digestion. 
 Les nerfsreçoivent des info sensorielles des cellules réceptrices,comme celles de la peau qui détectent le toucheret les envoient au système nerveux central pour analyse.

Purves, Dale, George J. Augustine, David Fitzpatrick, Lawrence C. Katz, Anthony-Samuel LaMantia, James O. McNamara et S. Mark Williams. « Systèmes neuronaux. » Neuroscience. 2e édition, 2001. [<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK11061/ » target="__blank">Source</a>]

qu'est-ce qu'un système nerveux ?

<h4>Aperçu</h4>
 
 Le système nerveux est le lot de cellules spécialisées responsables du maintien de l’environnement interne d’un organisme et de la coordination de l’interaction d’un organisme avec le monde extérieur, allant du contrôle des fonctions essentielles telles que la fréquence cardiaque et la respiration au mouvement nécessaire pour échapper au danger.
 
 <h4>Parties du système nerveux</h4>
 
 Le système nerveux vertébré est divisé en deux parties principales : le système nerveux central (SNC) et le système nerveux périphérique (SNP). Le SNC comprend le cerveau, la moelle spinale et la rétine — le tissu sensoriel du système visuel. Le SNP contient les cellules réceptrices sensorielles de tous les autres systèmes sensoriels, tels que les récepteurs tactiles de la peau, ainsi que les nerfs qui transportent des informations entre le SNC et le reste du corps. En outre, une partie du SNC et du SNP contribue au système nerveux autonome (également connu sous le nom de système moteur viscéral). Le système nerveux autonome contrôle les muscles lisses, les muscles cardiaques et les glandes qui régissent les actions involontaires, telles que la digestion. 
 
 Le cerveau vertébré est principalement divisé en télencéphale, cervelet et tronc cérébral. Le télencéphale est la partie la plus grande et la plus antérieure du cerveau qui est divisée en hémisphères gauche et droit. Chaque hémisphère est divisé en quatre lobes : frontal, pariétal, occipital et temporel. La couche la plus externe du télencéphale s’appelle le cortex qui est impliqué dans le traitement de l’information sensorielle complexe et la plupart des fonctions cognitives. Plus profondément à l’intérieur du cerveau se trouvent d’autres composants essentiels, y compris l’hippocampe, l’hypothalamus, le thalamus et les ganglions basaux. Le cervelet (le “ petit cerveau ”) est situé postérieur et au-dessous du télencéphale et il est responsable de la coordination du mouvement musculaire. Le tronc cérébral relie le cerveau à la moelle spinale et comporte des centres importants pour les fonctions vitales telles que la respiration et la déglutition.
 
 La moelle spinale se trouve sous le cerveau et elle est continue avec le tronc cérébral. Elle contient des corps de cellules neuronales et des faisceaux d’axones qui relient le cerveau et différentes parties du corps. En plus d’être un conduit essentiel de l’information, la moelle spinale peut effectuer certaines fonctions sans contribution de la part du cerveau, comme la locomotion et d’autres réflexes. Les nerfs du SNP transportent des ordres moteurs du SNC aux muscles, et l’information sensorielle des cellules réceptrices au SNC pour l’interprétation. Outre le mouvement des muscles squelettiques, les nerfs régulent l’activité des organes internes tels que les poumons et les intestins à travers les divisions sympathiques et parasympathiques du système nerveux autonome.
 
 <h4>Les cellules du système nerveux</h4>
 
 Deux principaux types de cellules composent le système nerveux : les neurones et les cellules gliales. Les neurones sont les gros bras du SNC : ils sont chargés de communiquer les uns avec les autres et de transporter l’information d’avant en arrière du système nerveux au reste du corps. On estime que le cerveau humain contient environ 100 milliards de neurones et 100 billions de connexions entre eux. Ils existent dans de nombreuses morphologies différentes et effectuent un large éventail de fonctions. Les neurones utilisent un éventail de produits neurochimiques et d’ions pour communiquer à des jonctions appelées synapses.
 
 L’autre type principal de cellules du système nerveux fait partie d’un groupe s’appelant les cellules gliales. Elles comprennent un groupe diversifié de cellules qui contribuent à la fonction des neurones et sont à peu près égales au nombre de neurones dans le cerveau. Les principaux types de cellules gliales comprennent les astrocytes, les microglies, les oligodendrocytes et les cellules épendymaires dans le SNC ; les cellules de Schwann et les cellules satellites se trouvent dans le SNP.
 
 <h4>La santé mentale est une préoccupation mondiale</h4>
 
 Le système nerveux régit pratiquement toutes les expériences que nous avons, et ses perturbations dues à des traumatismes, des maladies, la génétique ou à l’exposition à des produits chimiques nocifs peuvent avoir de graves répercussions sur la santé et la qualité de vie. Les problèmes de santé mentale qui découlent de tels effets sont remarquablement fréquents dans le monde entier. L’amélioration de notre compréhension des troubles neurologiques et neurodéveloppementaux continue d’offrir des traitements et des thérapies potentielles à bon nombre de personnes qui souffrent de troubles mentaux. L’organisation mondiale de la santé (O.M.S.) et le National Institutes of Mental Health (N.I.M.H) aux États-Unis, parmi d’autres organisations, fournissent des ressources précieuses à la fois pour étudier ces maladies et suivre leur impact sur la société.

Qu'est-ce qu'un système nerveux ?

Aperçu

Le système nerveux est l’ensemble des cellules spécialisées responsables du maintien de l’environnement interne d’un organisme et de la coordination ...

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Biology

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Système nerveux

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

TERMES ET CONCEPTS CLÉS

nervous system parts and control

The nervous system is a network of specialized cells that keeps the body working and helps it respond to the world around it. It controls essential functions such as heart rate and breathing. It also supports movement that helps an organism escape danger.

In vertebrates, the nervous system has two major parts: the central nervous system, or CNS, and the peripheral nervous system, or PNS. The CNS includes the brain, spinal cord, and retina, which is the sensory tissue of the visual system. The PNS includes sensory receptor cells for the other sensory systems, such as touch receptors in the skin, and the nerves that carry information between the CNS and the rest of the body.

Part of both the CNS and PNS also contributes to the autonomic nervous system, also called the visceral motor system. This system controls smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands. It helps govern involuntary actions such as digestion.

The vertebrate brain is divided into the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem. The cerebrum is the largest and most anterior part of the brain. It has left and right hemispheres, and each hemisphere is divided into the frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes. The outer layer of the cerebrum is the cortex, which processes complex sensory information and many cognitive functions. Deeper brain regions include the hippocampus, hypothalamus, thalamus, and basal ganglia.

The cerebellum, sometimes called the little brain, sits behind and below the cerebrum. It helps coordinate muscle movement. The brainstem connects the brain to the spinal cord and contains important centers for vital functions such as breathing and swallowing. The spinal cord lies below the brain and continues from the brainstem. It contains neuronal cell bodies and axon bundles that connect the brain with the body. It can also carry out some functions without input from the brain, including locomotion and other reflexes.

Nerves in the PNS carry motor commands from the CNS to muscles and sensory information from receptor cells back to the CNS for interpretation. They also help regulate internal organs such as the lungs and intestines through the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system.

Two main cell types make up the nervous system: neurons and glial cells. Neurons carry information between nervous system regions and between the nervous system and the rest of the body. The human brain is estimated to contain about 100 billion neurons and about 100 trillion connections between them. Neurons come in many shapes and use neurochemicals and ions to communicate at synapses, which are junctions between cells.

Glial cells are the other major cell type. They support neuron function and are about as numerous as neurons in the brain. Major glial cells in the CNS include astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes, and ependymal cells. In the PNS, Schwann cells and satellite cells perform related support roles.

Because the nervous system affects nearly every experience, damage from trauma, disease, genetics, or harmful chemicals can strongly affect health and quality of life. Problems in this system are linked to many mental health conditions around the world. Research on neurological and neurodevelopmental disorders continues to guide possible treatments and therapies. Organizations such as the World Health Organization and the National Institute of Mental Health help study these conditions and track their impact on society.

Nervous System Parts and Control

what is a nervous system?

The nervous system is a network of specialized cells that keeps the body working and helps it respond to the world around it. It controls essential functions such as heart rate and breathing. It also supports movement that helps an organism escape danger. In vertebrates, the nervous system has two major parts: the central nervous system, or CNS, and the peripheral nervous system, or PNS. The CNS includes the brain, spinal cord, and retina, which is the sensory tissue of the visual system. The...

the parasympathetic nervous system

Rest and Digest: Parasympathetic Control

The parasympathetic nervous system helps the body stay calm and return to a rested state. It is one of the two major divisions of the autonomic nervous system, which controls many unconscious functions such as heart rate and digestion. Its neurons are found in the brain and the peripheral nervous system, and they send axons to muscles, organs, and glands. This system is often called the “rest and digest” system because it supports body processes that restore homeostasis. It is most active...

the sympathetic nervous system

Sympathetic Stress Response and Body Changes

The sympathetic nervous system helps the body respond to stress and danger. It is one of the two main divisions of the autonomic nervous system. When it turns on, it prepares the body for action and puts lower-priority functions, such as digestion, on hold. This response is often called the fight-or-flight system. A surprise exam can trigger it, and students may notice a tight stomach, a dry mouth, and a fast heartbeat. In a real threat, the system shifts blood away from the digestive system...

the blood-brain barrier

How the Blood-Brain Barrier Works

The blood-brain barrier is a specialized system of blood vessels that helps control what enters the brain. It delivers nutrients from the blood while tightly regulating ions, molecules, pathogens, and other substances. This semipermeable barrier protects the brain and also makes it harder to deliver some therapies. The blood-brain barrier includes several cellular parts, especially endothelial cells and astrocytes. These cells share a common basement membrane and regulate movement between the...

neuron structure

How Neurons Send Signals

Neurons send signals through a clear set of structures that let them receive, process, and pass on information. They are the main cells of the nervous system and use electrochemical signals to communicate. Neurons also talk to other cells through neurotransmitters at junctions called synapses. Most neurons share three main parts: a cell body, also called the soma, dendrites, and an axon. The soma holds the nucleus and other organelles needed for cell function. Dendrites usually receive...

glial cells

Glial Cells and Nervous System Support

Glial cells support the nervous system and work alongside neurons. They are one of the two main cell types in the nervous system. Unlike neurons, glia do not send electrical signals, but they help with nearly every other part of nervous system function. In humans, glial cells are about as numerous as neurons in the brain. In the central nervous system, glia include astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, and ependymal cells. Astrocytes are the most common glial cells. They form organized,...

action potentials

How Nerve Signals Travel in Axons

Neurons send signals through action potentials, the rapid electrical changes that move along the axon. These signals lead to neurotransmitter release at axon terminals, which passes information through the nervous system. An action potential is an all-or-none change in membrane potential, the voltage across a cell membrane. A neuron usually has a resting membrane potential of about -70 millivolts. When it receives signals from neurotransmitters or sensory input, the membrane can become more...

the resting membrane potential

How Neurons Keep a Negative Resting Charge

Neurons keep a negative resting charge across their membrane. This electrical difference, called the membrane potential, comes from how ions move and how the membrane lets them pass. In a resting neuron, the inside is typically around -70 millivolts and is more negative than the outside, so the cell is polarized. Two main factors create this resting state. First, the membrane is selectively permeable, which means most ions and molecules cannot cross the lipid bilayer without help from ion...

long-term potentiation

Synaptic Strengthening in Learning and Memory

Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is a form of synaptic strengthening in the brain. It changes the strength of chemical synapses over time between pre- and postsynaptic neurons. LTP works against long-term depression, or LTD, which weakens synapses. Together, LTP and LTD are major mechanisms behind learning and memory. LTP can happen when a presynaptic neuron fires again and again and keeps stimulating a postsynaptic neuron. This is called Hebbian LTP, based on Donald Hebb’s idea that neurons...

long-term depression

Synaptic Pruning in Long-term Depression

Long-term depression, or LTD, is a form of synaptic plasticity that weakens chemical synapses over time. It acts between presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons. LTD works in opposition to long-term potentiation, or LTP, which strengthens synapses. Together, LTD and LTP are two of the main mechanisms behind learning and memory. LTD helps the brain avoid staying locked in a fully strengthened state. If synapses were always maximally strengthened, the brain would become less efficient and it would...

the synapse

How Neurons Signal at Synapses

Neurons communicate through synapses, the points where two neurons meet to pass on signals. At a synapse, the sending neuron is the presynaptic cell, and the receiving neuron is the postsynaptic cell. Most neurons can serve in both roles because they send and receive information. Electrical synapses move signals directly between cells. The presynaptic and postsynaptic cells are linked by gap junctions, which are proteins that physically connect them. This type of synapse can pass electrical...

key terms and concepts

Explore how the nervous system is organized, how neurons and glial cells work, and how the brain, spinal cord, and nerves control body functions.

Nervous System Parts and Control | JoVE K12

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New York State Science Learning Standards

Structure and Function

HS-LS1-2.

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Characteristics of Life

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Cell Structure

Background
Cells represent the most basic biological units of all organisms, whether it be simple, single-celled organisms like bacteria, or large, ...

Visualizing Onion and Cheek Cells
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Visualizing Onion and Human Cells
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Cell Diversity

The concept of a cell started with microscopic observations of dead cork tissue by Robert Hooke in 1665. Hooke coined the term &#34;cell&#34; based on the ...

Cytoplasm

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The Nucleus

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The Central Dogma

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What is Gene Expression?

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RNA Structure

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Globular and Fibrous Proteins

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Intrinsically Disordered Proteins

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Protein Complex Assembly

Protein and Protein Structures

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Ligand Binding Sites

Protein Organization

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Protein-Protein Interfaces

Protein Folding

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Conserved Binding Sites

Cofactors and Coenzymes

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Cooperative Allosteric Transitions

Protein Kinases and Phosphatases

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Protein Complexes with Interchangeable Parts

Mechanical Protein Function

Structural Protein Function

Protein Networks

Construct an explanation based on evidence for how the structure of DNA determines the structure of proteins, which carry out the essential functions of life through systems of specialized cells. [Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include identification of specific cell or tissue types, whole body systems, specific protein structures and functions, or the biochemistry of protein synthesis.]

HS-LS1-1

Levels of Organization

Biological organization is the classification of biological structures, ranging from atoms at the bottom of the hierarchy to the Earth&#x27;s biosphere. ...

Animal and Plant Cell Structure

Animal and plant cells not only differ in their structure, function, and mode of nutrition but also in how they reproduce, specialize, and organize into ...

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Structural Organization of the Human Body: An Overview

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Overview of Human Digestion

The human body contains a monogastric digestive system. In a monogastric digestive system, the stomach only contains one chamber in which it digests food. ...

Anatomy of the Intestines

Although digestion of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids may begin in the stomach, it is completed in the intestine. The absorption of nutrients, water, ...

Accessory Organs

Accessory organs are those that participate in the digestion of food but do not come into direct contact with it like the mouth, stomach, or intestine do. ...

Lipid Digestion

Lipids are large molecules that are generally not water-soluble. Since most of the digestive enzymes in the human body are water-based, there are specific ...

Protein Digestion

Protein digestion begins in the stomach, where the highly acidic environment can easily disrupt protein structure by exposing the peptide bonds of ...

Carbohydrate Digestion

Carbohydrate digestion and metabolism break down simple and complex carbohydrates from food into saccharides (i.e., sugars) for the body to use as energy. ...

Overview

The nervous system is the collection of specialized cells responsible for maintaining an organism&rsquo;s internal environment and coordinating ...

The Parasympathetic Nervous System

Overview

The parasympathetic nervous system is one of the two major divisions of the autonomic nervous system. This parasympathetic system is responsible ...

The Sympathetic Nervous System

Overview

The sympathetic nervous system&mdash;one of the two major divisions of the autonomic nervous system&mdash;is activated in times of stress. It ...

Oogenesis

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What is a Sensory System?

Sensory systems detect stimuli&mdash;such as light and sound waves&mdash;and transduce them into neural signals that can be interpreted by the nervous ...

Fertilization

During fertilization, an egg and sperm cell fuse to create a new diploid structure. In humans, the process occurs once the egg has been released from the ...

What is the Skeletal System?

Overview

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An Introduction to the Zebrafish: Danio rerio

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Physiology of the Circulatory System

Homeostasis
Conditions in the external environment of an organism can change rapidly and drastically. To survive, organisms must maintain a fairly ...

Anatomy of the Circulatory System

The human circulatory system consists of blood, blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart, around the body, and back to the heart, and the heart ...

Measuring Blood Pressure
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Anatomy of the Heart

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Measuring Circulatory System Function in Humans
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Blood Flow

Blood is pumped by the heart into the aorta, the largest artery in the body, and then into increasingly smaller arteries, arterioles, and capillaries. The ...

What Are Osmoregulation and Excretion?

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Blood Withdrawal I

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Kidney Structure

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Blood Withdrawal II

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What is the Immune System?

Overview

The immune system comprises diverse biological structures and processes that protect the body from disease. These processes can be classified ...

Bone Remodeling

Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain ...

Spermatogenesis

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Bone Structure

Within the skeletal system, the structure of a bone, or osseous tissue, can be exemplified in a long bone, like the femur, where there are two types of ...

Breathing

The process of breathing, inhaling and exhaling, involves the coordinated movement of the chest wall, the lungs, and the muscles that move them. Two ...

Develop and use a model to illustrate the hierarchical organization of interacting systems that provide specific functions within multicellular organisms. [Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on functions at the organism system level such as nutrient uptake, water delivery, and organism movement in response to neural stimuli. An example of an interacting system could be an artery depending on the proper function of elastic tissue and smooth muscle to regulate and deliver the proper amount of blood within the circulatory system.] [Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include interactions and functions at the molecular or chemical reaction level.]

What is Homeostasis?

Maintaining homeostasis requires that the body continuously maintain its internal conditions. Each physiological condition has a particular set point, ...

Plan and conduct an investigation to provide evidence that feedback mechanisms maintain homeostasis. [Clarification Statement: Examples of investigations could include heart rate response to exercise, stomate response to moisture and temperature, and root development in response to water levels.] [Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include the cellular processes involved in the feedback mechanism.]

HS-LS1-3

Nervous System Parts and Control

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