Name: rest and digest: parasympathetic control
Uploaded: 2019-03-11T09:21:26.000Z
Duration: 1 min 14 s
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K12 Standards

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Life Science

from-molecules-to-organisms-structures-and-processes

From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes

HS-LS1-2

The Parasympathetic Nervous System

- Le système nerveux parasympathiquerétablit le corps dans les moments de calme,lorsqu'il n'y a aucune menace. 
On l'appelle souvent "le système digestion et repos". 
C'est l'une des principales divisionsdu système nerveux autonomequi contrôle les fonctions involontairesen régulant l'activité du muscle lissedans les organes viscéraux, le muscle cardiaque dans le cœuret certaines glandes, comme les glandes salivaires. 
Lorsque le système nerveux parasympathique est activé,des signaux des neurones pré-ganglioniques,dans le tronc cérébralet la partie sacrale de la moelle épinière,sont envoyés aux ganglions,groupements de corps de cellules nerveusesdans le système nerveux périphérique, près des organesou des glandes contrôlées. 
Là, le message est transmis aux neurones post-ganglioniquesqui utilisent généralement le neurotransmetteur acétycholinepour réguler l'activité des tissus ciblés. 
Par exemple, ils abaissent le rythme cardiaque,détendant le corps, et stimulent la contraction musculairedans les intestins et la vessie,favorisant la digestion et l'excrétion. 
Résultat : le système parasympathiqueaide à reconstruire les stocks d'énergieet à maintenir l'homéostasie quand le corps peut se reposer.

Stewart, Julian M. « Syndromes courants d’intolérance orthostatique. » Pédiatrie 131, n° 5 (mai 2013) : 968-80. [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2012-2610 » target="__blank">Source</a>]

le système nerveux parasympathique

<h4>Aperçu</h4>
 
 Le système nerveux parasympathique est l’une des deux principales divisions du système nerveux autonome. Ce système parasympathique est responsable de la régulation de nombreuses fonctions inconscientes, telles que la fréquence cardiaque et la digestion. Il est composé de neurones situés à la fois dans le cerveau et le système nerveux périphérique qui envoient leurs axones pour cibler les muscles, les organes et les glandes.
 
 <h4>Le système de “ repos et digestion ”</h4>
 
 L’activation du système parasympathique a tendance à avoir un effet relaxant sur le corps, soutenant des fonctions qui réapprovisionnent les ressources et restaurent l’homéostasie. Il est donc parfois appelé le système de “ repos et digestion ”. Le système parasympathique prédomine pendant les périodes calmes lorsqu’il est possible de consacrer des ressources aux fonctions de base “ d’entretien ” sans risque d’attaque ou de tort.
 
 <h4>Contrôle du système parasympathique</h4>
 
 Le système nerveux parasympathique peut être activé par diverses parties du cerveau, y compris l’hypothalamus. Les neurones préganglionnaires du tronc cérébral et de la partie sacrée de la moelle spinale envoient d’abord leurs axones aux ganglions — des amas de corps de cellules neuronales — dans le système nerveux périphérique. Ces ganglions contiennent les connexions entre les neurones pré- et postganglionnaires et sont situés près des organes ou des glandes qu’ils contrôlent. De là, les neurones postganglionnaires envoient leurs axones sur les tissus cibles, généralement des muscles lisses, des muscles cardiaques ou des glandes. Habituellement, le neurotransmetteur acétylcholine est employé pour réguler l’activité de ces cibles.
 
 L’activation du système parasympathique provoque divers effets sur le corps. Il fait baisser le rythme cardiaque et conduit les pupilles à se resserrer, ce qui ramène le corps à un état plus détendu. Il stimule également la digestion et l’excrétion, par exemple en favorisant la salivation, les contractions péristaltiques dans l’estomac et les intestins, et la contraction de la vessie pour expulser l’urine. Il aide à reconstruire les réserves d’énergie en conduisant le pancréas à sécréter plus d’insuline. Enfin, il favorise même la reproduction en augmentant le flux sanguin vers les organes génitaux.
 
 <h4>Se mettre debout</h4>
 
 Le contrôle de la fréquence cardiaque et du flux sanguin est essentiel, même pour des tâches banales comme se mettre debout. Les personnes qui souffrent d’intolérance orthostatique (IO) peuvent éprouver des étourdissements chroniques et des évanouissements par le simple acte d’entrer dans une posture verticale, appelée orthostase. Le système nerveux autonome contrôle les changements nécessaires à la vascularisation et à la fréquence cardiaque lorsque nous nous engageons dans l’orthostase. En particulier, le système parasympathique est responsable des signaux qui permettent la vasodilatation — la relaxation des muscles autour de la doublure des vaisseaux sanguins — des artères cérébrales. Une signalisation incorrecte par le système nerveux parasympathique peut causer une perte de conscience due à un flux sanguin inadéquat vers le cerveau.

Le système nerveux parasympathique

Aperçu

Le système nerveux parasympathique est l’une des deux principales divisions du système nerveux autonome. Ce système parasympathique est responsable...

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rest and digest: parasympathetic control

The parasympathetic nervous system helps the body stay calm and return to a rested state. It is one of the two major divisions of the autonomic nervous system, which controls many unconscious functions such as heart rate and digestion. Its neurons are found in the brain and the peripheral nervous system, and they send axons to muscles, organs, and glands.

This system is often called the “rest and digest” system because it supports body processes that restore homeostasis. It is most active during calm times, when the body can focus on basic housekeeping functions instead of responding to danger. In this state, the body can use resources for recovery and maintenance.

The parasympathetic nervous system can be activated by parts of the brain, including the hypothalamus. Preganglionic neurons in the brainstem and sacral spinal cord send axons to ganglia, which are clusters of neuronal cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system. These ganglia lie near the organs or glands they control, where they link preganglionic and postganglionic neurons.

Postganglionic neurons then carry signals to target tissues, which are usually smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, or glands. The neurotransmitter acetylcholine is typically used to control these targets. When this system is active, heart rate decreases, pupils constrict, digestion and excretion increase, and the pancreas releases more insulin to help rebuild energy stores. It also increases blood flow to the genitals, which supports reproduction.

This control system is also important during standing up. People with orthostatic intolerance, or OI, can feel lightheaded or faint when they move into an upright posture, a change called orthostasis. The autonomic nervous system adjusts heart rate and blood vessels during this shift, and the parasympathetic system helps signals that allow vasodilation, or widening of the cerebral arteries. If this signaling does not work properly, the brain may not get enough blood, which can cause loss of consciousness.

Rest and Digest: Parasympathetic Control

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the parasympathetic nervous system

The parasympathetic nervous system helps the body stay calm and return to a rested state. It is one of the two major divisions of the autonomic nervous system, which controls many unconscious functions such as heart rate and digestion. Its neurons are found in the brain and the peripheral nervous system, and they send axons to muscles, organs, and glands. This system is often called the “rest and digest” system because it supports body processes that restore homeostasis. It is most active...

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key terms and concepts

Learn how the parasympathetic nervous system slows heart rate, supports digestion, and helps the body adjust when standing up.

Rest and Digest: Parasympathetic Control | JoVE K12

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HS-LS1-3

Rest and Digest: Parasympathetic Control

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