Name: human skeleton: bones, cells, and disease
Uploaded: 2019-03-11T09:21:29.000Z
Duration: 1 min 2 s
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K12 Standards

Next Generation Science Standards

High School

Life Science

from-molecules-to-organisms-structures-and-processes

From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes

HS-LS1-2

What is the Skeletal System?

Le squelette humain est composé d'os quine s'unissent pas seulement pour fournir un cadre rigide,donner forme au corps, mais aussi permettre le mouvement,lorsqu'ils sont attachés aux muscles par les tendons. 
Une des principales divisions, le squelette axial,est disposée autour de l'axe central du corps. 
Bien qu'il y ait un certain nombre d'os dans cette sectiondu haut du corps, y comprisles osselets de l'oreille moyenne,la plupart protègent les organes vitaux contre les dommages. 
Par exemple, le crâne entoure le cerveau,et la colonne vertébrale entoure la moelle épinière,protégeant le système nerveux central. 
D'autres organes comme le cœur et les poumonssont protégés par le sternum et la cage thoracique. 
L'autre division, le squelette appendiculaire,se compose d'os qui soutiennent et déplacent les appendices,les mains et les bras ainsi que les pieds et les jambes,et les gaines pectorales et pelviennes.

Kling, Juliana M., Bart L. Clarke et Nicole P. Sandhu. « Prévention, dépistage et traitement de l’ostéoporose : une revue ». Journal of Women’s Health 23, n° 7 (1er juillet 2014) : 563-72. [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2013.4611 » target="__blank">Source</a>]

Akkawi, Ibrahim et Hassan Zmerly. « Ostéoporose : concepts actuels ». Articulations 6, n° 2 (14 juin 2018) : 122-27. [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1660790 » target="__blank">Source</a>]

qu'est ce que le système osseux ?

<h4>Aperçu</h4>
 
 Le squelette humain adulte comprend 206 os qui sont reliés par le cartilage, les tendons et les ligaments. Le squelette fournit un cadre rigide pour le corps humain, protège les organes internes, et permet le mouvement et la locomotion. Le système squelettique humain se compose des squelettes axial et appendiculaire. Le tissu osseux est continuellement construit et mâché par des cellules osseuses spécialisées qui sont essentielles à la santé globale. Les cellules osseuses mal régulées et les niveaux incorrects de composés chimiques dans le sang conduisent à des maladies osseuses.
 
 <h4>Squelette axial</h4>
 
 Le squelette axial se compose de 80 os et il est divisé en trois régions : le crâne, la colonne vertébrale et la cage thoracique. La partie supérieure du crâne, le sommet du crâne, se compose de huit os qui enferment le cerveau, tandis que la partie inférieure se compose de 14 os. La colonne vertébrale se compose de 33 vertèbres : sept cervicales, 12 thoraciques, cinq lombaires, cinq vertèbres sacrées soudées et quatre vertèbres coccygiennes soudées. 
 
 La cage thoracique ajoute de la stabilité à la colonne vertébrale et protège également les poumons et le cœur. Elle se compose de 12 paires de côtes, qui se fixent à la vertèbre thoracique via l’articulation costo-vertébrale. La partie antérieure de la cage thoracique se fixe au sternum — l’os plat au centre de l’avant de la poitrine — par les cartilages costaux. Les sept premières côtes de chaque côté sont connues sous le nom de vraies côtes car leurs cartilages s’attachent directement au sternum. Les côtes huit à 12 sont appelées fausses côtes parce qu’elles ne se fixent pas directement au sternum. Cependant, les côtes huit à 10 se joignent au sternum par l’intermédiaire des cartilages costaux des côtes au-dessus. En revanche, les côtes 11 et 12 sont appelées côtes flottantes puisqu’elles ne sont attachées qu’à la colonne vertébrale à l’arrière, mais n’ont aucun lien avec le sternum.
 
 <h4>La squelette appendiculaire</h4>
 
 Le système squelettique appendiculaire se compose des 126 os des membres et des ceintures qui sont apposés sur le squelette axial. Le système squelettique appendiculaire est composé de plusieurs types différents d’os.
 
 <h4>Tissu et cellules osseuses</h4>
 
 L’os est connu sous le nom de tissu osseux. Les cellules du tissu osseux sont dispersées dans la matrice — la substance qui fournit la force et la dureté aux os. La matrice se compose de composants organiques, principalement du collagène, et de composants inorganiques constitués de sels minéraux cristallisés tels que le phosphate de calcium, l’hydroxyde de calcium et le fluorure de magnésium. 
 
 Il existe trois principaux types de cellules osseuses : les ostéoblastes, les ostéoclastes et les ostéocytes. Les ostéoblastes et les ostéoclastes ont des fonctions opposées. Les ostéoblastes construisent la matrice osseuse, tandis que les ostéoclastes la mâchent. Les deux fonctions se poursuivent tout au long de la vie, et les deux sont essentielles pour une bonne santé. Il est important de construire de l’os pour garder les os solides ; mâcher des os permet le maintien des niveaux de calcium dans la circulation sanguine (ce qui est vital pour la santé d’autres organes, tels que le cœur).
 
 Les ostéocytes sont des cellules qui ont mûri à partir d’ostéoblastes et sont maintenant entourées par la matrice. Les ostéocytes communiquent avec le sang par des canaux microscopiques dans l’os, sentant les niveaux de calcium et d’autres minéraux dans le sang. Ils contrôlent ensuite les fonctions des ostéoblastes et des ostéoclastes en sécrétant des substances qui affectent l’activité de ces cellules. 
 
 <h4>Les maladies osseuses</h4>
 
 De nombreuses maladies du système squelettique ont une caractéristique commune : des os faibles dus à une faible teneur en minéraux. L’ostéoporose, par exemple, se caractérise par une diminution de la densité minérale osseuse. Elle se produit le plus souvent chez les femmes ménopausées, mais elle peut se produire chez les hommes et les femmes préménopausées aussi. Dans cette maladie, il y a plus d’ostéoclastes que d’activité ostéoblastique. Chez les patients atteints d’ostéoporose, le risque de fractures est considérablement plus élevé, en particulier les fractures de la colonne vertébrale, de la hanche et du poignet.
 
 Une autre maladie osseuse répandue est l’ostéodystrophie rénale. Cette maladie fait partie d’une plus grand état de santé connu sous le nom de trouble minéral et osseux dans la maladie rénale chronique. Les reins remplissent de nombreuses fonctions, y compris la régulation du calcium, du phosphore et de la vitamine D, qui sont tous essentiels à la santé des os. Lorsque les reins ne fonctionnent pas correctement, comme dans la maladie rénale diabétique, les os peuvent devenir affaiblis et douloureux, et les articulations peuvent devenir douloureuses aussi.

Qu'est ce que le système osseux ?

Aperçu

Le squelette humain adulte comprend 206 os reliés par du cartilage, des tendons et des ligaments. Le squelette fournit une ...

Education

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Biology

Biologie

Human Biology

Biologie humaine

Musculoskeletal System

Système musculosquelettique

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

TERMES ET CONCEPTS CLÉS

human skeleton: bones, cells, and disease

The human skeleton is a living framework made of 206 bones in adults. Bones connect with cartilage, tendons, and ligaments. This system gives the body support, protects organs, and helps with movement and locomotion.

The skeleton has two main parts: the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton has 80 bones and includes the skull, the vertebral column, and the rib cage. The cranium, or upper skull, has eight bones that enclose the brain, while the lower part of the skull has 14 bones. The vertebral column has 33 vertebrae. These include seven cervical, 12 thoracic, five lumbar, five fused sacral, and four fused coccygeal vertebrae.

The rib cage adds stability to the vertebral column and protects the lungs and heart. It has 12 pairs of ribs that attach to the thoracic vertebrae at the costovertebral joint. The front of the rib cage connects to the sternum, the flat bone in the center of the chest, through costal cartilages. The first seven ribs are true ribs because their cartilages attach directly to the sternum. Ribs eight through 12 are false ribs. Ribs eight through 10 connect to the sternum through the cartilages of the ribs above them, while ribs 11 and 12 are floating ribs because they do not connect to the sternum at all.

The appendicular skeleton has 126 bones. It includes the bones of the limbs and the girdles that attach them to the axial skeleton. Bone tissue is also called osseous tissue. Its cells sit in a matrix, which is the material that gives bone strength and hardness. The matrix contains organic material, mainly collagen, and inorganic mineral salts such as calcium phosphate, calcium hydroxide, and magnesium fluoride.

Bone cells have different jobs. Osteoblasts build bone matrix, while osteoclasts break it down. Both actions continue throughout life and are important for health. Building bone helps keep bones strong. Breaking down bone helps maintain calcium levels in the bloodstream, which is important for organs such as the heart. Osteocytes are mature bone cells that come from osteoblasts. They sit inside the matrix and communicate with the blood through tiny channels in bone. They sense calcium and other mineral levels and help control osteoblast and osteoclast activity by releasing substances that affect these cells.

Problems in bone cell balance or mineral levels can lead to bone disease. Osteoporosis is a common example. It is marked by low bone mineral density and more osteoclast activity than osteoblast activity. It occurs most often in postmenopausal women, but it can also occur in men and premenopausal women. People with osteoporosis have a much higher risk of fractures, especially in the spine, hip, and wrist.

Renal osteodystrophy is another widespread bone disease. It is part of mineral and bone disorder in chronic kidney disease. The kidneys help regulate calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin D, and these are all needed for bone health. When the kidneys do not work properly, such as in diabetic kidney disease, bones may become weak and painful, and the joints may hurt as well.

Human Skeleton: Bones, Cells, and Disease

what is the skeletal system?

The human skeleton is a living framework made of 206 bones in adults. Bones connect with cartilage, tendons, and ligaments. This system gives the body support, protects organs, and helps with movement and locomotion. The skeleton has two main parts: the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton has 80 bones and includes the skull, the vertebral column, and the rib cage. The cranium, or upper skull, has eight bones that enclose the brain, while the lower part of the skull...

bone structure

Inside a Long Bone

Inside a long bone, osseous tissue is organized into two main types: cortical bone and cancellous bone. A femur is a clear example of this structure. The bone also includes outer coverings and inner spaces that support growth, repair, and blood cell production. Cortical bone, also called compact bone, forms the dense outer layer along the diaphysis, or shaft. It is covered by the periosteum, a membrane with connective tissue, capillaries, and nerves. Beneath the cortical layer is the medullary...

joints

Types of Joints in the Human Body

Joints are the places where adjacent bones connect. They are also called articulations or articular surfaces. Joints help the body move and stay stable. Joints can be classified by structure or by function. Structural classification depends on the material that forms the joint and whether there is a space between the bones. By structure, joints are fibrous, cartilaginous, or synovial. Fibrous joints are connected by fibrous tissue and have no cavity between the bones. Because of this, they do...

bone remodeling

How Hormones Control Bone Turnover

Bone turnover is a continuous process in which old bone is broken down and new bone is built. Osteoclasts carry out bone resorption, and osteoblasts carry out bone formation. In adults, this balanced cycle helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. Mechanical stress can also stimulate turnover as part of normal maintenance and repair. Parathyroid hormone, or PTH, helps control blood calcium levels by increasing bone resorption when calcium is low. It is released from the parathyroid...

skeletal muscle anatomy

Muscle Fibers, Tendons, and Contraction

Skeletal muscle moves the body by pulling on bones through tendons. Tendons are the connective tissue that attaches skeletal muscle to bones. When skeletal muscles contract, they create voluntary movement. Skeletal muscle is wrapped in layers of connective tissue. The outer layer is the epimysium, which helps protect the muscle. Beneath it, the perimysium surrounds and groups fasciculi, which are bundles of skeletal muscle cells called myocytes. These cells are also called skeletal muscle...

classification of skeletal muscle fibers

Skeletal Muscle Fiber Speed and Energy

Skeletal muscle fibers can be grouped by how fast they contract and how they make ATP, the energy cells use for movement. These differences also shape their physical features. Most human muscles contain all three fiber types, but in different amounts. Slow oxidative fibers, also called slow-twitch fibers, appear red because they have many capillaries and high levels of myoglobin, an oxygen-storing protein. They also contain more mitochondria, which make ATP through oxidative phosphorylation,...

muscle contraction

Nerve Signals That Trigger Muscle Contraction

Nerve signals trigger muscle contraction in both skeletal and smooth muscle, but the two muscle types use different control systems. In skeletal muscle, the signal begins at the motor end plate, which is the synapse between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber. In smooth muscle, contraction is controlled by the autonomic nervous system and happens without conscious control. In skeletal muscle, motor nerve terminals release acetylcholine. This neurotransmitter binds to receptors on the sarcolemma,...

cross-bridge cycle

Calcium Control in Muscle Contraction

Calcium control in muscle contraction depends on ATP, motor neurons, and the sliding action of actin and myosin. As a muscle contracts, the thin and thick filaments overlap more, and the sarcomere, which is the contractile unit of the muscle, becomes shorter. This process uses energy from ATP and happens in a repeating cycle at the molecular level. Myosin drives the movement of actin through a cross-bridge cycle. When ATP attached to the myosin head is hydrolyzed to ADP, myosin shifts into a...

motor units

How Motor Units Control Muscle Movement

Motor units control skeletal muscle movement. A motor unit includes one efferent motor neuron, which carries signals away from the central nervous system, and all of the muscle fibers it innervates. A single motor neuron can connect with multiple muscle fibers, but each muscle fiber is innervated by only one motor neuron. Lower motor neurons are the efferent neurons that control skeletal muscle, the most abundant type of muscle in the body. Their cell bodies are found in the spinal cord or...

the spinal cord

Spinal Cord Structure and Dermatomes

The spinal cord is the main nerve pathway of the central nervous system. It carries sensory signals from the body to the brain and motor signals from the brain to the body. It begins at the foramen magnum, the opening at the base of the skull, and extends to the level of the first or second lumbar vertebra. In cross-section, the spinal cord is cylindrical and contains both gray matter and white matter. The central canal lies in the middle and is a remnant of the lumen of the primitive neural...

nociception

Pain Signaling and Inflammation

Pain signaling begins when the body detects a harmful stimulus. Sharp objects, open flames, and corrosive chemicals can trigger this response. Sensory receptors called nociceptors, which sit on nerve endings, detect these noxious stimuli and use ion channels to turn them into electrical signals. Those electrical signals travel through sensory neurons to the brain, where they are experienced as pain. This warning system helps an organism avoid damage and stay safe. Pain is therefore an...

key terms and concepts

Explore the human skeleton, including axial and appendicular bones, bone cells, and common bone diseases like osteoporosis and renal osteodystrophy.

Human Skeleton: Bones, Cells, and Disease | JoVE K12

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HS-LS1-3

Human Skeleton: Bones, Cells, and Disease

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