Name: energy forms and conservation
Uploaded: 2020-09-03T13:38:25.000Z
Duration: 4 min 10 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Pennsylvania State Academic Standards

9-12

Physical Science

Energy

3.2.9-12.Q

What is Energy?

L'énergie est définie comme la capacité de marcher. Le travail est la distance parcourue par un objet en réponse à une force appliquée. Par exemple, lorsqu'un livre est soulevé du sol et mis sur une table, le travail est fait contre la force de gravité.L'énergie est classée en deux types principaux. Potantielle et cinétique. L'énergie potentielle est l'énergie associée avec la position, la composition ou l'état d'un objet.Elle est également connue sous le nom d'énergie au repos ou d'énergie stockée. Par exemple le livre tenu au-dessus du sol, sur la table possède une énergie potentielle en raison de son hauteur. Cette énergie potentielle reste stockée dans le livre tant qu'il est tenu à cette position.Différentes formes d'énergie potentielle comprennent l'énergie potentielle gravitationnelle, énergie potentielle électrique, énergie potentielle chimique, l'énergie nucléaire et l'énergie élastique. L'énergie potentielle gravitationnelle est la forme la plus apparente d'énergie potentielle, et cela dépend sur la position relative de l'objet sous l'influence du champ gravitationnel. Par exemple, le livre tenu au-dessus de la table contient de l'énergie potentielle gravitationnelle.L'énergie potentielle électrique provient de l'attraction ou répulsion des charges électriques, comme l'énergie stockée à l'intérieur d'un condensateur dans un circuit électrique se présente sous la forme d'énergie potentielle électrique. L'énergie chimique potentielle est l'énergie stockée dans les molécules. Par exemple, le bois sec conserve un potentiel chimique énergétique qui est libérée et convertie en d'autres formes d'énergie lorsque le bois brûle.L'énergie nucléaire provient du noyau atomique. et l'énergie élastique est l'énergie stockée dans un objet en raison de sa configuration, comme une fronde tendue. L'énergie cinétique est celle qui est associée au mouvement d'un objet.Par exemple, lorsque le livre tombe de la table, son énergie potentielle est convertie en énergie cinétique en raison de son mouvement. L'énergie cinétique elle-même existe également sous différentes formes à savoir les énergies mécaniques, électriques, thermiques et radiantes. Alors que l'énergie mécanique est due au mouvement mécanique d'un objet comme une voiture en mouvement, énergie électrique est constituée par le flux de charges électriques, comme on le voit dans les coups de foudre.Lorsque l'énergie cinétique est sous forme d'ondes électromagnétiques, comme l'énergie du soleil, cela devient une énergie rayonnante. L'énergie thermique est l'énergie cinétique associé au mouvement des atomes et des molécules dans un objet. Comme les atomes et les molécules dans un objet se déplacent ou vibrent rapidement et entrent en collision plus fréquemment les uns avec les autres, la température de l'objet augmente.La chaleur d'une flamme brûlante est un exemple d'énergie thermique. Le contraire se produit lorsque les vibrations ou les mouvements de ces atomes et molécules ralentissent. On dit alors que l'objet est froid et a faible énergie thermique comme lorsque l'eau gèle.Toutes ces différentes formes facilitent la circulation de l'énergie d'un type à un autre, ou d'un objet à un autre, pour faire le marche. La loi de conservation de l'énergie déclare que l'énergie n'est ni créée ni détruite il ne transforme que d'un type à un autre. L'énergie totale du système reste donc conservée.Pendant le tir à l'arc, par exemple, une flèche tenue dans un arc tendu contient de l'énergie potentielle élastique. Lorsque l'arc est relâché, cette énergie potentielle se convertit en énergie cinétique de la flèche, et la flèche est propulsée pour atteindre la cible. Là encore, l'énergie totale reste conservée.

qu'est-ce que l'énergie ?

L'univers est composé de matière sous différentes formes, et toutes les formes de matière contiennent de l'énergie.  Les différentes formes d'énergie sur Terre proviennent du Soleil — la source ultime d'énergie. Les plantes capturent l'énergie lumineuse du Soleil et, grâce au processus de photosynthèse, la transforment en énergie chimique. Cette énergie stockée dans les plantes peut être exploitée de plusieurs façons. Par exemple, manger des produits végétaux comme nourriture fournit de l'énergie pour que notre corps fonctionne, et brûler du bois ou du charbon (plantes fossilisées) génère de la chaleur et de l'électricité. Par conséquent, puisque toutes les transformations de matière impliquent des transformations de l'énergie, il est essentiel de comprendre comment l'énergie circule d'une forme à l'autre.  
 
 L'énergie est définie comme la capacité à produire un travail. Un travail est effectué lorsqu'une force appliquée à un objet entraîne le déplacement de l'objet par rapport à une force opposée. Par exemple, un travail est effectué lorsqu'une table est poussée à travers une pièce contre la résistance du sol.  
 
 L'énergie peut être regroupée en deux types principaux : l'énergie potentielle et l'énergie cinétique. L'énergie potentielle est l'énergie associée à la position, à la composition ou à la condition relative d'un objet. L'énergie cinétique est l'énergie associée au mouvement de l'objet. Par exemple, l'eau retenue derrière un barrage possède une énergie potentielle en raison de sa position au-dessus du sol. Lorsqu'elle s'écoule vers le bas à travers les générateurs, elle gagne de l'énergie cinétique, qui peut produire un travail pour générer de l'électricité dans une centrale hydroélectrique. 
 
 <h4>Énergie potentielle </h4>
 
 L'énergie potentielle est également appelée énergie au repos ou énergie stockée. Les types courants d'énergie potentielle comprennent l'énergie potentielle gravitationnelle stockée dans une pomme accrochée à un arbre,  l'énergie potentielle électrique stockée dans un objet en raison de l'attraction ou de la répulsion de charges électriques, ou l'énergie potentielle chimique stockée dans les liaisons entre les atomes et les molécules. En outre, l'énergie nucléaire stockée dans un noyau atomique et l'énergie élastique stockée dans un ressort étiré en raison de sa configuration sont des types d'énergie potentielle. 
 
 D'habitude, les objets ou les systèmes avec une énergie potentielle élevée ont tendance à être moins stables, et ils se déplacent ainsi vers des niveaux d'énergie plus bas pour atteindre la stabilité. Par exemple, l'élément radioactif uranium 235 (235U) possède un noyau instable. Pour gagner en stabilité, il se divise en éléments plus petits mais stables et libère l'énergie nucléaire stockée. Cette énergie libérée peut alors être utilisée pour produire de l'électricité dans les centrales nucléaires.  
 
 <h4>Énergie cinétique </h4>
 
 La quantité d'énergie cinétique d'un objet dépend de sa masse et de sa vitesse. Considérez deux boules de masses différentes roulant le long d'un plan incliné à la même vitesse. La boule plus lourde aura plus d'énergie cinétique. De même, lorsque deux boules de même masse roulent sur un plan incliné à différentes vitesses, la boule qui se déplace plus rapidement a plus d'énergie cinétique.  
 
 Il existe également différentes formes d'énergie cinétique, y compris l'énergie mécanique, électrique, rayonnante, sonore, et l'énergie thermique. L'énergie mécanique est associée au mouvement d'un objet. Plus un objet se déplace rapidement, plus il dispose d'énergie mécanique.  Par exemple, une balle tirée d'une arme à feu ou l'eau qui coule dans un barrage sont des exemples d'énergie mécanique. L'énergie électrique est attribuée au flux des charges électriques, comme cela est observé en cas de foudre pendant les orages ou dans les circuits et dispositifs électriques quotidiens. L'énergie rayonnante est la forme d'énergie cinétique qui se propage sous forme d'ondes électromagnétiques et qui peut être expérimentée sous la forme de lumière et de chaleur. La lumière du soleil est un exemple d'énergie rayonnante. 
 
 L'énergie thermique est associée au mouvement aléatoire des atomes et des molécules. Lorsque les atomes et les molécules d'un objet se déplacent ou vibrent rapidement, ils ont une énergie cinétique moyenne (Ec) plus élevée et on dit que l'objet est “ chaud “. Lorsque les atomes et les molécules se déplacent lentement, ils ont une Ec moyenne plus faible et l'objet est désigné comme “ froid “. Ainsi, l'énergie thermique peut être observée grâce aux changements de température d'un objet. En supposant qu'aucune réaction chimique ou changement de phase (comme la fusion ou la vaporisation) ne se produit, l'augmentation de la quantité d'énergie thermique dans un échantillon de matière entraînera une augmentation de sa température. De même, en supposant qu'aucune réaction chimique ou changement de phase (comme la condensation ou le gel) ne se produit, la diminution de la quantité d'énergie thermique dans un échantillon de matière entraîne une diminution de sa température. 
 
 <h4>La loi de la conservation de l'énergie </h4>
 
 L'énergie peut être transformée d'une forme à une autre, mais l'énergie totale présente avant un changement existe toujours même après un changement sous une forme ou une autre. Cette observation est exprimée en tant que loi de conservation de l'énergie. La loi de conservation de l'énergie stipule que l'énergie n'est ni créée ni détruite, bien qu'elle puisse changer de forme. Ainsi, l'énergie totale d'un système reste constante. Par exemple, l'énergie chimique (un type d'énergie potentielle) est stockée dans les molécules qui composent l'essence. Lorsque l’essence subit une combustion dans les cylindres du moteur d’une voiture, les produits gazeux en expansion rapide de cette réaction chimique génèrent de l’énergie mécanique (un type d’énergie cinétique) lorsqu’ils déplacent les pistons du cylindre. 
 
 Ce texte est adapté de <a href="https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-2e/pages/5-1-energy-basics">Openstax, Chimie 2e, Section 5.1 : Notions d'énergie.</a>

Qu'est-ce que l'énergie ?

L’univers est composé de matière sous différentes formes, et toutes les formes de matière contiennent de l’énergie.  Les différentes formes d’énergie sur Terre proviennent de ...

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Introduction: Matter and Measurement

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energy forms and conservation

Energy is a property of matter that appears in many forms. On Earth, most energy starts with the Sun. Plants capture light energy from the Sun and use photosynthesis to turn it into chemical energy. That stored energy can then move through living things and materials in several ways. People get energy from plant foods, and wood or coal, which come from fossilized plants, can be burned to produce heat and electricity.

Energy is defined as the ability to do work. Work happens when a force moves an object against a resisting force. Pushing a table across a room against the floor is one example. To understand changes in matter, it helps to track how energy changes from one form to another.

Energy is often grouped into two main types: potential energy and kinetic energy. Potential energy is stored energy linked to an object’s position, composition, or condition. Kinetic energy is the energy of motion. Water held behind a dam has potential energy because of its height. When it flows downward through generators, it gains kinetic energy and can help produce electricity in a hydroelectric power plant.

Potential energy is sometimes called energy at rest. It includes gravitational potential energy, such as an apple hanging from a tree, electrical potential energy from the attraction or repulsion of charges, and chemical potential energy stored in bonds between atoms and molecules. It also includes nuclear energy in an atomic nucleus and elastic energy in a stretched spring. In general, systems with high potential energy are less stable and tend to move toward lower energy states. Uranium-235 is one example. Its unstable nucleus splits into smaller, more stable elements and releases stored nuclear energy that can be used in nuclear power plants.

The amount of kinetic energy depends on mass and speed. If two balls move at the same speed, the heavier ball has more kinetic energy. If two balls have the same mass, the faster one has more kinetic energy. Kinetic energy includes mechanical, electrical, radiant, sound, and thermal energy. Mechanical energy is tied to motion, like a bullet fired from a gun or water moving down a dam. Electrical energy comes from the flow of electric charges, such as lightning or electricity in circuits. Radiant energy travels as electromagnetic waves and includes sunlight. Thermal energy comes from the random motion of atoms and molecules, so faster motion means higher average kinetic energy and a hotter object. Slower motion means lower average kinetic energy and a colder object. If no chemical reaction or phase change happens, adding thermal energy raises temperature, and removing it lowers temperature.

Energy can change form, but it is not created or destroyed. This is the Law of Conservation of Energy. The total energy in a system stays constant even when energy is converted from one form to another. Gasoline shows this change clearly. It stores chemical energy, which is a type of potential energy. When gasoline burns in a car engine, the reaction produces gases that move the pistons and create mechanical energy, which is a type of kinetic energy.

Energy Forms and Conservation

scientific laws and theories

How Science Explains Laws and Theories

Scientific laws and scientific theories describe science in two different ways. A law is a concise verbal or mathematical statement that summarizes many experimental observations. It describes or predicts aspects of the natural world that stay the same under the same conditions. A scientific theory is different because it explains why natural events happen. It is a unifying principle that gives a well-supported and testable explanation for a broad set of observations. Strong theories are the...

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How Scientists Test a Hypothesis

Chemistry uses the scientific method to turn observations into testable answers. Scientists begin by observing a phenomenon in the physical world and then asking a question about it. This process helps explain everyday chemistry through evidence. A question leads to a hypothesis, which is a tentative explanation for what is being observed. Scientists often use earlier research and published literature to shape that idea. A strong hypothesis must be testable, meaning it can be supported by...

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Distinguishing Physical and Chemical Changes

Matter can be identified by its properties, which are the features that help us tell one substance from another. These properties fall into two main groups: physical properties and chemical properties. Understanding the difference helps explain how matter changes. A physical property is a feature of matter that is not linked to a change in chemical composition. Examples include density, color, hardness, melting point, boiling point, and electrical conductivity. Some physical properties can be...

what is energy?

Energy is a property of matter that appears in many forms. On Earth, most energy starts with the Sun. Plants capture light energy from the Sun and use photosynthesis to turn it into chemical energy. That stored energy can then move through living things and materials in several ways. People get energy from plant foods, and wood or coal, which come from fossilized plants, can be burned to produce heat and electricity. Energy is defined as the ability to do work. Work happens when a force moves...

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States of Matter and Their Properties

States of matter help describe how matter behaves in chemistry. Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space. It is found everywhere, including air, water, soil, mountains, and even our bodies. The three common states on Earth are solid, liquid, and gas. A solid has a definite shape and a definite volume. Its particles, such as atoms or molecules, are packed very closely together and held in place by strong forces, so they only vibrate slightly. This tight arrangement makes solids...

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Matter: Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures

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SI Units, Density, and Property Types

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Explore how energy moves from the Sun to plants, how potential and kinetic energy work, and why the law of conservation of energy matters.

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3.2.9-12.R

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3.1.9-12.F

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From Molecules To Organisms: Structures And Processes

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9-12.PS.1.1

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C-PS3-4

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Types of Energy

The universe is composed of matter in different forms, and all forms of matter contain energy.&#160; The different forms of energy on Earth originate from ...

Energy Basics

Chemical reactions, such as those that occur when you light a match, involve changes in energy as well as matter.

Chemical changes and their accompanying ...

Conservation of Mechanical Energy

The mechanical energy E of a system is the sum of its potential energy U and the kinetic energy K of the objects within it. What happens to this ...

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Conservation of Energy

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Conservation of Energy: Application

When solving problems using the energy conservation law, the object (system) to be studied should first be identified. Often, in applications of energy ...

Students who demonstrate understanding can create a computational model to calculate the change in the energy of one component in a system when the change in energy of the other component(s) and energy flows in and out of the system are known. Clarifying Statement: Emphasis is on explaining the meaning of mathematical expressions used in the model. Assessment Boundry: Assessment is limited to basic algebraic expressions or computations; to systems of two or three components; and to thermal energy. kinetic energy, and/or the energies in gravitational, magnetic, or electric fields.

3.2.9-12.O

Types of Potential Energy

Potential energy is also known as energy at rest or stored energy. Common types of potential energy include the gravitational potential energy stored in ...

Types of Kinetic Energy

The amount of kinetic energy of an object depends on its mass and speed. Consider two balls of different masses rolling down an inclined plane at the same ...

Kinetic Energy - I

It&#8217;s plausible to suppose that the greater the velocity of a body, the greater effect it could have on other bodies. This does not depend on the ...

Kinetic Energy - II

The kinetic energy of a particle is one-half of the product of the particle&#8217;s mass and the square of its speed. Note that just as Newton&#8217;s ...

Gravitational Potential Energy

Potential energy is not just a property of each object, but also a property of the interactions between objects in a chosen system. For each type of ...

Elastic Potential Energy

Elastic potential energy is the energy stored as a result of the deformation of an elastic object, such as the stretching of a spring. An object is ...

Energy in Simple Harmonic Motion

To determine the energy of a simple harmonic oscillator, consider all the forms of energy it can have during its simple harmonic motion. According to ...

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Problem Solving: Energy in Simple Harmonic Motion

Simple harmonic motion (SHM) is a type of periodic motion in time and position, in which an object oscillates back and forth around an equilibrium ...

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Kinetic and Potential Energy of a Wave

All forms of waves carry energy; this is directly visualized in nature. For instance, the waves of earthquakes are so intense that they can shake huge ...

Energy and Power of a Wave

The total energy associated with a wavelength is the sum of the potential energy and the kinetic energy. The average rate of energy transfer associated ...

Energy Carried By Electromagnetic Waves

Anyone who has used a microwave oven knows there is energy in electromagnetic waves. Sometimes, this energy is obvious, such as in the summer sun&#39;s ...

Students who demonstrate understanding can develop and use models to illustrate that energy at the macroscopic scale can be accounted for as a combination of energy associated with the motions of particles (objects) and energy associated with the relative positions of particles (objects). Clarifying Statement: Examples of phenomena at the macroscopic scale could include the conversion of kinetic energy to thermal energy, the energy stored due to position of an object above the earth, and the energy stored between two electrically-charged plates. Examples of models could include diagrams, drawings, descriptions, and computer simulations. Assessment Boundry: N/A

3.2.9-12.P

The universe is composed of matter in different forms, and all forms of matter contain energy. &#xA0;The different forms of energy on Earth originate from ...

Energy Transfer in Chemical Reactions

Chemical reactions require sufficient energy to cause the matter to collide with enough precision and force that old chemical bonds can be broken and new ...

Students who demonstrate understanding can design, build and refine a device that works within given constraints to convert one form of energy into another form of energy. Clarifying Statement: Emphasis is on both qualitative and quantitative evaluations of devices. Examples of devices could include Rube Goldberg devices, wind turbines, solar cells, solar ovens, and generators. Examples of constraints could include use of renewable energy forms and efficiency. Assessment Boundry: Assessment for quantitative evaluations is limited to total output for a given input. Assessment is limited to devices constructed with materials provided to students.

Students who demonstrate understanding can plan and conduct an investigation to provide evidence that the transfer of thermal energy when two components of different temperature are combined within a closed system results in a more uniform energy distribution among the components in the system (second law of thermodynamics). Clarifying Statement: Emphasis is on analyzing data from student investigations and using mathematical thinking to describe the energy changes both quantitatively and conceptually. Examples of investigations could include mixing liquids at different initial temperatures or adding objects at different temperatures to water. Assessment Boundry: Assessment is limited to investigations based on materials and tools provided to students.

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Force and Potential Energy in One Dimension

Force can be calculated from the expression for potential energy, which is a function of position. The component of a conservative force, in a particular ...

force-and-potential-energy-in-three-dimensions

Force and Potential Energy in Three Dimensions

Consider a particle moving under the action of a conservative force that has components along each coordinate axis. Each component of force is a function ...

Energy Diagrams - I

The dynamics of a mechanical system can be easily understood by interpreting a potential energy diagram. Since energy is a scalar quantity, the ...

Energy Diagrams - II

Energy diagrams are important to understand the dynamics of a system. The topology of an energy diagram helps illustrate the equilibrium points of the ...

Students who demonstrate understanding can develop and use a model of two objects interacting through electric or magnetic fields to illustrate the forces between objects and the changes in energy of the objects due to the interaction. Clarifying Statement: Examples of models could include drawings, diagrams, and texts, such as drawings of what happens when two charges of opposite polarity are near each other. Assessment Boundry: Assessment is limited to systems containing two objects.

3.2.9-12.S

Energy Forms and Conservation

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