Name: electromagnetic waves: uses across the spectrum
Uploaded: 2020-09-03T13:38:27.000Z
Duration: 2 min 37 s
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The Electromagnetic Spectrum

Le spectre électromagnétique est la gamme de fréquences et de longueurs d'onde correspondantes du rayonnement électromagnétique. La longueur d'onde et la fréquence sont inversement proportionnelles l'une à l'autre;plus la longueur d'onde est longue, plus la fréquence est faible. L'énergie du rayonnement électromagnétique est directement proportionnelle à sa fréquence, comme le montre l'équation de Planck.Ainsi, les ondes électromagnétiques de la plus haute énergie ont les longueurs d'onde les plus courtes. Les ondes électromagnétiques sont classées comme ondes radio, micro-ondes, infrarouge, lumière visible, ultraviolet, rayons X ou rayons gamma en fonction de leurs fréquences et longueurs d'onde. Les ondes radio, qui sont utilisées pour transmettre des signaux entre les systèmes de communication, ont les longueurs d'onde les plus longues, les fréquences les plus basses et le moins d'énergie.Les micro-ondes ont les prochaines longueurs d'onde les plus longues. Leurs utilisations varient des systèmes de radar au chauffage des aliments à la maison. Ensuite, il y a le rayonnement infrarouge, qui représente une part importante du rayonnement thermique émis par les objets chauds.Par exemple, la terre absorbe à la fois le rayonnement infrarouge dans le cadre de l'énergie rayonnante émise par le soleil et émet elle-même un rayonnement infrarouge dans l'espace. Les longueurs d'onde de la lumière visible sont encore plus courtes, allant de 740 à 390 nanomètres. La lumière rouge a les plus longues d'onde et le violet a le plus court.Les yeux humains ne sont sensibles qu'à cette gamme de longueurs d'onde étroite. Le rayonnement ultraviolet a encore des longueurs d'onde plus courtes. La lumière du soleil est la source la plus familière de rayonnement ultraviolet, qui a suffisamment d'énergie pour qu'une exposition excessive provoque des coups de soleil et entraîne un cancer de la peau.Les rayons x et les rayons gamma ont les plus courtes longueurs d'onde et sont les formes les plus énergétiques de rayonnement électromagnétique. Les rayons x peuvent traverser de nombreuses substances, mais ils ne traversent pas très facilement les os. Cela en fait un outil d'imagerie important.Les rayons gamma sont surtout connus comme étant libérés pendant les chaînes de désintégration de certains éléments radioactifs. Bien qu'il n'y ait pas de distinction universelle entre les rayons gamma et les rayons X, les rayons gamma sont généralement considérés comme ayant les longueurs d'onde les plus courtes, les fréquences les plus élevées et les énergies les plus élevées.

le spectre électromagnétique

Le spectre électromagnétique comprend tous les types de rayonnement électromagnétique disposés en fonction de leur fréquence et de leur longueur d'onde. Chacune des différentes couleurs de la lumière visible a des fréquences et des longueurs d'onde spécifiques qui lui sont associées, et vous pouvez voir que la lumière visible ne représente qu'une petite partie du spectre électromagnétique. Parce que les technologies développées pour fonctionner dans diverses parties du spectre électromagnétique sont différentes, pour des raisons de commodité et d'héritage historique, des unités différentes sont généralement utilisées pour les différentes parties du spectre. Par exemple, les ondes radio sont généralement définies en tant que fréquences (généralement en unités de MHz), tandis que la région visible est généralement définie en tant que longueurs d'onde (généralement en unités de nm ou d'angströms).  
 
 <img alt="Eq1" src="https://www.jovecore.com/CDNSource/lessons/975/975Image_1.png" style="width: 700px;" /> 
 Figure 1 : des parties du spectre électromagnétique sont présentées par ordre de fréquence croissante et de longueur d'onde décroissante. 
 
 Les types d'ondes électromagnétiques sont les ondes radio, les micro-ondes, les rayons ultraviolets, visibles, infrarouges, les rayons X et les rayons gamma. 
 
 Les ondes radio ont les longueurs d'onde les plus longues, les fréquences les plus basses et elles transportent le moins d'énergie. Elles sont utilisées dans la technologie des téléphones portables, pour les émissions de radio et de télévision, pour contrôler la circulation aérienne, etc. 
 
 Les micro-ondes ont des longueurs d'onde plus courtes que les ondes radio. Elles sont absorbées par l'eau et sont utilisées pour chauffer et cuire des aliments.  
 
 Ensuite, il y a le rayonnement infrarouge, qui est émis par des objets chauds. Par exemple, la Terre absorbe l'énergie rayonnante du soleil et émet des rayons infrarouges. Une partie du rayonnement infrarouge est absorbée et réémise par l'atmosphère pour maintenir la température moyenne de la Terre par l'effet de serre. Les lunettes de vision nocturne détectent le rayonnement infrarouge émis par notre corps. 
 
 La lumière visible n'est qu'une minuscule partie du rayonnement électromagnétique, allant de 740 à 390 nm.  Les yeux humains ne peuvent voir que cette petite gamme de longueurs d'onde. La lumière visible se compose principalement de sept composantes de couleur, y compris le rouge, l'orange, le jaune, le vert, le bleu, l'indigo et le violet.  
 
 Les rayons ultraviolets ont des longueurs d'onde allant de 400 à 10 nm. La lumière du soleil est la source de rayonnement UV la plus connue. Elle transporte suffisamment d'énergie qui, lors d'une exposition excessive, provoque des coups de soleil. 
 
 Les rayons X peuvent traverser de nombreuses substances, ce qui en fait un outil d'imagerie important. Les dentistes utilisent les rayons X à des fins de diagnostic, et lors des contrôles de sécurité à l'aéroport, ils sont utilisés pour visualiser les composants dans une valise. 
 
 Les rayons gamma ont des longueurs d'onde plus petites, ainsi que des fréquences et des énergies élevées. Les rayons gamma sont émis par des réactions nucléaires et des éléments radioactifs naturels. 
 
 Les rayons X et les rayons gamma sont les formes les plus énergétiques de rayonnement électromagnétique. Leurs énergies élevées peuvent ioniser des atomes et des molécules. Le rayonnement ionisant peut causer des modifications ou des dommages permanents aux molécules biologiques. Ils sont utilisés pour détruire les cellules cancéreuses.   
 
 Ce texte est adapté de <a href="https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-2e/pages/6-1-electromagnetic-energy">Openstax, Chimie 2e, Section 6.1 : Énergie électromagnétique.</a>

Le spectre électromagnétique

Le spectre électromagnétique est constitué de tous les types de rayonnements électromagnétiques disposés en fonction de leur fréquence et de leur longueur d’onde. Chacun des ...

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electromagnetic waves: uses across the spectrum

The electromagnetic spectrum includes all electromagnetic radiation arranged by frequency and wavelength. Visible light is only a small part of it, and each color of visible light has its own frequency and wavelength. Different parts of the spectrum also use different units. Radio waves are usually measured in MHz, while the visible range is often measured in nm or angstroms.

The spectrum is organized from radio waves to gamma rays as frequency increases and wavelength decreases. Radio waves have the longest wavelengths, the lowest frequencies, and the least energy. They are used in cell phones, radio and television broadcasts, and air-traffic control. Microwaves have shorter wavelengths than radio waves and are absorbed by water, which is why they can heat and cook food.

Infrared radiation is next and is emitted by warm objects. The Earth absorbs energy from the Sun and gives off infrared radiation. Some of this radiation is absorbed and re-emitted by the atmosphere, which helps keep Earth’s average temperature stable through the greenhouse effect. Night vision goggles also detect the infrared radiation that our bodies emit.

Visible light spans only about 740 to 390 nm, so the human eye can see just a narrow band of electromagnetic radiation. This band includes red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet. Ultraviolet radiation has wavelengths from about 400 to 10 nm. Sunlight is the most familiar source of UV radiation, and too much exposure can cause sunburn.

X-rays can pass through many materials, so they are useful for imaging. Dentists use x-rays for diagnosis, and airport security uses them to view what is inside a suitcase. Gamma rays have even smaller wavelengths, higher frequencies, and higher energies. They come from nuclear reactions and naturally occurring radioactive elements. X-rays and gamma rays are the most energetic forms of electromagnetic radiation, and their ionizing radiation can damage biological molecules. Because of that, they can be used to destroy cancer cells.

Electromagnetic Waves: Uses Across the Spectrum

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the wave nature of light

Measuring Light with Wavelength and Frequency

Light can be described as an electromagnetic wave, and its behavior helps explain many patterns seen in science. For centuries, scientists have tried to understand light. Newton used lenses and prisms to show that white light is made of the colors of the rainbow mixed together. He explained light as tiny particles moving at high speed. Other scientists, including Christiaan Huygens, showed that reflection and refraction could also be explained by treating light as a wave. At the time, people...

the electromagnetic spectrum

The electromagnetic spectrum includes all electromagnetic radiation arranged by frequency and wavelength. Visible light is only a small part of it, and each color of visible light has its own frequency and wavelength. Different parts of the spectrum also use different units. Radio waves are usually measured in MHz, while the visible range is often measured in nm or angstroms. The spectrum is organized from radio waves to gamma rays as frequency increases and wavelength decreases. Radio waves...

interference and diffraction

Wave Patterns from Light and Slits

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emission spectra

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the quantum-mechanical model of an atom

Electron Orbitals in Quantum Mechanics

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Electron Orbitals and Spin

Electron orbitals are described by quantum numbers that show where an electron is most likely to be found around the nucleus. These numbers come from the quantum mechanical model, which is based on solutions of the Schrödinger equation. They also help explain why electron energy comes in set values instead of changing smoothly. The principal quantum number, n, labels the energy level. It can be 1, 2, 3, and so on, and higher n values usually mean higher electron energy. This number also tells...

atomic orbitals

Electron Regions in Atomic Orbitals

Electron regions in atomic orbitals show where an electron is most likely to be found in an atom. These three-dimensional regions are often drawn as boundary surfaces around the densest part of the cloud. The shape of an orbital depends on the angular momentum quantum number, l. This value can range from 0 to n - 1, where n is the principal quantum number. For n = 1, only l = 0 is allowed. For n = 2, both l = 0 and l = 1 are allowed. Orbitals with the same value of l form a subshell. The l =...

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Electron Spin and Orbital Pairing

Electron spin and orbital pairing explain why only two electrons can fit in one atomic orbital. Electron configuration describes how electrons are arranged in an atom’s orbitals. It is written with three parts: the principal quantum number, n, the orbital type, or subshell, and a superscript that shows how many electrons are in that subshell. For example, 2p4 means four electrons in a p subshell with n = 2, and 3d8 means eight electrons in a d subshell with n = 3. The three quantum numbers...

the energies of atomic orbitals

Shielding and Orbital Penetration

Shielding and orbital penetration help explain why electrons in an atom have different energies. Electrons are attracted to the positive nucleus, but they also repel one another in atoms with more than one electron. The strength of these forces depends on the charge and the distance between the particles. Opposite charges attract, like charges repel, and the force gets weaker as the particles move farther apart. An electron that stays closer to the nucleus is held more tightly. That means...

the aufbau principle and hund's rule

Electron Filling Order in Atomic Orbitals

Electron filling order in atomic orbitals follows the aufbau principle and Hund's rule. To write an electron configuration, we build atoms in order of atomic number. Starting with hydrogen and moving across the periods of the periodic table, one proton is added to the nucleus and one electron is placed into the correct subshell. This process describes the ground-state electron configurations of the elements. The aufbau principle comes from the German word aufbau, which means "to build up." It...

electron configuration of multielectron atoms

electron-configuration-of-multielectron-atoms

Valence Electrons and Noble Gas Shorthand

Valence electrons and noble gas shorthand help show how electrons are arranged in multielectron atoms. Sodium, the alkali metal with atomic number 11, has one more electron than neon. That extra electron goes into the lowest-energy subshell available, the 3s orbital, so sodium has the configuration 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1. Electrons in the outermost shell, where n is highest, are called valence electrons. Electrons in the inner shells are called core electrons. Because core electrons often match a...

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Explore the electromagnetic spectrum from radio waves to gamma rays, including visible light, infrared, UV, X-rays, and their real-world uses.

Electromagnetic Waves: Uses Across the Spectrum | JoVE K12

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Electromagnetic Waves: Uses Across the Spectrum

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