Name: titanium-coupled alkenes from carbonyls
Uploaded: 2023-04-30T11:23:04.000Z
Duration: 1 min 22 s
Channel: JoVE

La réaction de couplage du pinacol implique la dimérisation radicalaire de cétones ou d’aldéhydes pour donner des diols vicinaux.
Parmi les différents métaux utilisés comme source d’électrons pour la réaction, le titane est inhabituel.
Si la réaction est effectuée à basse température, les diols peuvent être isolés. Sinon, le titane réagit davantage pour former des alcènes. C’est la base de la réaction de McMurry.
La réaction de McMurry se déroule en deux étapes.
La première étape peut être analogue au couplage pinacol, où les interactions d’un seul électron entre les oxygènes carbonyles et une espèce de titane réduite conduisent à un couplage radical-radical entre les carbones carbonyles.
La deuxième étape est la désoxygénation lente, qui laisse les atomes d’oxygène avec les espèces de titane pour produire un alcène.
La réaction intermoléculaire de McMurry utilise généralement deux des mêmes composés carbonyles pour fabriquer des alcènes symétriques tétrasubstitués, souvent avec un bon rendement.
Il est intéressant de noter que la réaction intramoléculaire de McMurry fonctionne bien pour la fabrication de grands cycloalcènes, comme la cyclisation d’un 15-céto-aldéhyde en flexibilène, un produit naturel avec un cycle à 15 chaînons.

alcènes via couplage réducteur d'aldéhydes ou de cétones : réaction de mcmurry

Alkenes via Reductive Coupling of Aldehydes or Ketones: McMurry Reaction

La dimérisation radicale des cétones ou des aldéhydes donne des diols vicinaux grâce à une réaction de couplage pinacol. Cependant, le comportement du titane utilisé pour la réaction en tant que source d’électrons est inhabituel. Lorsque la réaction est effectuée en présence de titane, les diols peuvent être isolés à basse température. Sinon, le titane réagit également avec les diols, formant des alcènes par la réaction de McMurry.

<img alt="Figure1" src="/files/ftp_upload/12907/12907_PT_Figure_1v2.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 80px;">

La réaction est un processus en deux étapes. Le mécanisme est encore à l'étude, mais pour certaines combinaisons de réactifs, la première étape est similaire à la réaction de couplage pinacol, impliquant un transfert d'électron unique du titane au groupe carbonyle pour former un cétyle, formant finalement un diol. La deuxième étape implique la désoxygénation du diol via la liaison à la surface de particules métalliques de titane ou la coordination avec des complexes de titane pour produire un alcène. La réaction de couplage McMurry impliquant deux mêmes composés carbonylés donne des alcènes symétriques.

La réaction intramoléculaire de McMurry donne des cycloalcènes avec huit atomes de carbone ou plus dans le cycle.

Alcènes via couplage réducteur d'aldéhydes ou de cétones : réaction de McMurry

La dimérisation radicalaire des cétones ou des aldéhydes donne des diols vicinaux par une réaction de couplage pinacol. Cependant, le comportement des métaux titanes utilisés ...

alkenes-via-reductive-coupling-aldehydes-or-ketones-mcmurry

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Organic Chemistry

Chimie organique

Unit 1

Unité 1

Radical Chemistry

Chimie radicalaire

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

TERMES ET CONCEPTS CLÉS

titanium-coupled alkenes from carbonyls

The McMurry reaction turns aldehydes or ketones into alkenes with titanium metal. It first forms a diol-like intermediate through a coupling step, and then removes oxygen to make the double bond. In some cases, this process can be compared to pinacol coupling, which also joins carbonyl compounds.

Titanium acts as a source of electrons in the first step. It transfers a single electron to the carbonyl group and forms a ketyl intermediate. That intermediate can lead to a vicinal diol, which is a molecule with two neighboring alcohol groups.

When titanium stays in the reaction, the diol may react further. The metal or titanium complexes help deoxygenate the diol, and an alkene is produced. If the reaction is stopped at low temperature, the diol can sometimes be isolated instead.

The McMurry coupling of two identical carbonyl compounds gives a symmetrical alkene. An intramolecular McMurry reaction can also close a ring. In that case, it forms cycloalkenes, especially when the ring has eight or more carbon atoms.

Titanium-Coupled Alkenes from Carbonyls

radicals: electronic structure and geometry

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Radical Geometry: Planarity and Inversion

Radical geometry depends on the electronic structure around the radical center. An unpaired electron, like a lone pair, affects the shape of the molecule. For a trivalent radical, the structure falls between the geometries of carbocations and carbanions. A carbocation with sp2 hybridization is trigonal planar. A carbanion with sp3 hybridization is trigonal pyramidal. The difference comes from the number of nonbonding electrons. The carbocation has none, while the carbanion has two. A carbon...

electron paramagnetic resonance (epr) spectroscopy: organic radicals

electron-paramagnetic-resonance-epr-spectroscopy-organic-radicals

EPR Hyperfine Splitting in Organic Radicals

Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy can show how an unpaired electron behaves in an organic radical. A simple radical may give a single peak because the electron moves between two spin energy states. In many radicals, the unpaired electron also interacts with nearby spin-active nuclei. This interaction is called hyperfine coupling. It causes hyperfine splitting, which divides the EPR signal into multiplets, or groups of peaks. The number of peaks follows the pattern 2nI + 1,...

radical formation: overview

How Radicals Are Generated

Radicals are generated when bonds break in specific ways or when one radical leads to another. In homolytic bond cleavage, a bond splits evenly and forms radicals. In heterolytic bond cleavage, the bond breaks to form ions instead. A fishhook arrow shows the movement of a single electron during homolytic cleavage. Radicals can come from spin-paired molecules by homolysis or by electron transfer. Homolysis forms two radicals. Electron transfer adds an electron to the molecule, and this process...

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Homolysis and Radical Bonds

Homolysis is a bond-breaking process that splits a shared electron pair evenly. When a bond is broken with enough energy, the two electrons can also move to one atom in heterolysis, which forms ions. Homolysis gives one electron to each atom and creates radicals, which are highly reactive particles with an unpaired electron. HCl shows the difference between these bond cleavages. In solution, HCl can break into H+ and Cl− ions, and chlorine takes both bonding electrons, leaving a naked proton.

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Radical Abstraction in Chain Reactions

Radical abstraction helps drive radical chain reactions. In this process, a relatively unstable radical removes an atom from a compound and forms a new radical that is more stable. The atom taken in this step can be hydrogen or a halogen. A radical initiator can first form radicals by homolysis, which is the breaking of a spin-paired molecule into two radicals. That is different from abstraction. In abstraction, a radical reacts with a spin-paired molecule and produces one new radical plus one...

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Radical Addition and Spin Conservation

Radical addition can form a new radical when an unpaired electron adds to a spin-paired molecule. This is often seen with unsaturated species. In these reactions, the radical adds across a pi bond and breaks that bond to make a new radical. A bromine radical adding to an alkene is a clear example. The product is a carbon-centered radical. Radical reactions also follow spin conservation, much like chemical reactions follow charge conservation. If the starting material has an unpaired electron,...

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Radicals from Elimination Reactions

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radical reactivity: overview

Radical Reaction Pathways and Stability

Radical reactions follow a small set of pathways that help highly reactive species become more stable. A radical can react with another radical, with a spin-paired molecule, or through unimolecular decomposition, which means one radical species breaks down on its own. In radical-radical coupling, two radicals join to form a spin-paired molecule. In a radical reaction with a spin-paired molecule, a new radical and a new spin-paired molecule are formed. In radical decomposition, one radical...

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Steric Shielding in Stable Radicals

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Electrophilic Radicals and Alkene Reactions

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Nucleophilic Radicals and Alkene Traps

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Radical Cyclization in One Molecule

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Autoxidation in Oils and Ethers

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radical-oxidation-of-allylic-and-benzylic-alcohols

Selective MnO2 Oxidation of Alcohols

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How Alkanes Form Alkyl Halides by Halogenation

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Alkane Halogenation: Stability and Reaction Rates

Alkane halogenation is shaped by thermodynamic stability and reaction rate. In radical halogenation, the key question is whether the reaction is favorable and how fast it happens. Gibbs free energy, or ΔG, helps answer the first question. ΔG has two parts: enthalpy, or ΔH, and entropy, or ΔS. For alkane halogenation, the entropy term is negligible because the number of reactant and product molecules is the same. That means ΔG is controlled mainly by enthalpy. Bond strength is the most...

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Radical Halogenation: Chiral Products

Radical halogenation can change the chirality of a molecule, which is the three-dimensional arrangement of its atoms. The products depend on whether the reaction creates a new chiral center, reacts at an existing chiral center, or adds a second chiral center. When radical halogenation forms a new chiral center, the product can be a racemic mixture. For example, halogenation of butane gives 2-chlorobutane and 1-chlorobutane. The 2-chlorobutane product has a chiral center, but it is formed as a...

radical substitution: allylic chlorination

radical-substitution-allylic-chlorination

Allylic Chlorination by Radical Chain Reaction

Allylic chlorination is a radical chain reaction in alkenes. It happens when halogen reactions move away from simple addition and toward substitution at the allylic position, which is the carbon next to a double bond. At low temperatures, alkenes usually react with halogens by addition. When the temperature increases, or when the reaction conditions create radicals, allylic substitution becomes favored. This works because allylic hydrogens are very reactive and the intermediate formed is...

radical substitution: allylic bromination

Allylic Bromination with NBS

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radical-substitution-hydrogenolysis-alkyl-halides-with-tributyltin

Alkyl Halide Reduction with Tributyltin Hydride

Alkyl halide reduction with tributyltin hydride removes a halogen and replaces it with hydrogen. This reaction turns alkyl halides into alkanes. The reagent Bu3SnH has a weak Sn–H bond, and the reaction forms tributyltin halide as a byproduct. Because the new bonds are stronger than the bonds that are broken, the reaction is energetically favorable. The reaction proceeds by a radical chain mechanism, which is similar to radical halogenation. Light causes Bu3SnH to split homolytically, meaning...

radical anti-markovnikov addition to alkenes: overview

radical-anti-markovnikov-addition-to-alkenes-overview

Peroxide Effect in HBr Addition to Alkenes

Hydrogen bromide can add to alkenes through a peroxide-driven radical pathway. In this reaction, hydroperoxides or peroxides change the usual addition pattern and lead to alkyl bromides with anti-Markovnikov regiochemistry, which means bromine ends up on the less substituted carbon. This regioselectivity can be explained by radical stability. When the bromine radical adds to the alkene at the less substituted carbon, the reaction forms a more stable tertiary radical intermediate. The same...

radical anti-markovnikov addition to alkenes: mechanism

radical-anti-markovnikov-addition-to-alkenes-mechanism

Hydrogen Bromide Addition to Alkenes by Radicals

Hydrogen bromide can add to alkenes through a radical chain reaction when hydroperoxides or peroxides are present. This pathway gives anti-Markovnikov addition, which means the bromine ends up on the less substituted side of the double bond. The reaction begins with chain initiation. First, mild heating breaks the weak peroxide bond by homolytic cleavage, which means each atom keeps one electron and two alkoxy radicals form. Next, an alkoxy radical abstracts a hydrogen atom and forms a bromine...

radical anti-markovnikov addition to alkenes: thermodynamics

radical-anti-markovnikov-addition-to-alkenes-thermodynamics

HBr Selectivity in Alkene Addition Thermodynamics

Anti-Markovnikov addition of hydrogen halides to alkenes depends on thermodynamics. In this radical reaction, only HBr makes the overall process feasible. With HCl and HI, the same addition is thermodynamically unfavorable. Temperature affects whether the reaction is spontaneous. Spontaneity is measured with Gibbs free energy, or ΔG. When ΔG is negative, the reaction can occur on its own. ΔG is determined by two terms: ΔH, which is the enthalpy change, and −TΔS, which is the entropy term. The...

vicinal diols via reductive coupling of aldehydes or ketones: pinacol coupling overview

vicinal-diols-via-reductive-coupling-aldehydes-or-ketones-pinacol

Pinacol Coupling and Solvent Effects

Pinacol coupling is a radical dimerization reaction that joins aldehydes or ketones to form vicinal diols. Wilhelm Rudolph Fittig first discovered this reaction in 1859. It is a reductive coupling, which means the molecules are joined after they gain electrons. The reaction begins with a single electron transfer from metals such as sodium or magnesium to an aldehyde or ketone. This forms a ketyl, a radical anion. In a ketyl, the carbon atom can carry radical character while the oxygen atom...

alkenes via reductive coupling of aldehydes or ketones: mcmurry reaction

The McMurry reaction turns aldehydes or ketones into alkenes with titanium metal. It first forms a diol-like intermediate through a coupling step, and then removes oxygen to make the double bond. In some cases, this process can be compared to pinacol coupling, which also joins carbonyl compounds. Titanium acts as a source of electrons in the first step. It transfers a single electron to the carbonyl group and forms a ketyl intermediate. That intermediate can lead to a vicinal diol, which is a...

&alpha;-hydroxy ketones via reductive coupling of esters: acyloin condensation overview

hydroxy-ketones-via-reductive-coupling-esters-acyloin-condensation

Acyloin Condensation: Ester Coupling Pathway

Acyloin condensation is a reaction that joins two ester molecules to form an alpha-hydroxy ketone. The product is also called an acyloin. In this reaction, sodium metal is used in an aprotic solvent, which supports the reductive coupling step. The reaction is related to the pinacol and McMurry reactions, which also involve reductive coupling of ketones or aldehydes. Here, the ester first becomes a ketyl. These ketyl species undergo radical dimerization and form an unstable tetrahedral...

key terms and concepts

See how titanium helps convert aldehydes and ketones into alkenes through the McMurry reaction, including diol formation, deoxygenation, and ring closure.

Titanium-Coupled Alkenes from Carbonyls | JoVE K12

organic chemistry

JoVE Core Chimie Organique explique les concepts de base de la stéréochimie, des réactions et des mécanismes à l'aide de leçons vidéo animées concises et faciles à comprendre. De plus, les vidéos de scientifiques à l'action présentent l'application de ces concepts grâce à des expériences de recherche classiques et originales réalisées dans des laboratoires modernes.

Titanium-Coupled Alkenes from Carbonyls

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