Name: how lipid molecules are built
Uploaded: 2023-04-30T18:28:47.000Z
Duration: 3 min 38 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Florida Department of Education

High School

Life Science

SC.912.L.18

SC.912.L.18.1

Structure of Lipids

Les lipides sont un groupe de molécules hydrophobes qui incluent les triglycérides, qui sont utilisés pour stocker l'énergie, et les phospholipides, qui sont les principaux composants structurels des membranes cellulaires. Les triglycérides et la plupart des phospholipides se composent de chaînes de glycérol et d'acides gras. Les acides gras ont des groupes méthyle à une extrémité de la chaîne et des groupes carboxyle à l'extrémité opposée.Le carbone lié au groupe carboxyle s'appelle le carbone alpha et le carbone du groupe méthyle est connu sous le nom de carbone oméga. Les acides gras varient en longueur et en présence de doubles liaisons dans la chaîne hydrocarbonée. Ceux qui ont des doubles liaisons sont des acides gras insaturés et ceux qui n'ont que des liaisons simples sont des acides gras saturés car ils sont saturés avec le plus grand nombre d'atomes d'hydrogène possibles.Les acides gras ont souvent des noms communs mais peuvent être systématiquement nommés selon le nombre d'atomes de carbone et au nombre et position des doubles liaisons dans la chaîne carbonée. Il existe plusieurs méthodes de numérotation courantes. Le système de référencement carboxyle compte la position de toutes les doubles liaisons du carbone carboxyle, qui est numéroté 1.Le système de référencement oméga compte la position de la double liaison la plus proche du carbone oméga, avec le carbone oméga numéroté 1. Par exemple, l'acide linolénique, un acide gras oméga 3, a 18 atomes de carbone et des doubles liaisons aux positions 9, 12, et 15 de comptage à partir de l'extrémité carboxyle. Cela s'appellera 18:3 Δ9, 12, 15 selon le système de référencement carboxyle et 18:3 selon le système de référencement oméga.Les acides gras insaturés peuvent se présenter sous deux configurations:cis et trans. Dans la configuration cis, les hydrogènes sur les carbones impliqués dans la double liaison sont du même côté du lien, alors qu'en configuration trans, les hydrogènes sont situés sur les côtés opposés. Structurellement, les acides gras cis ont des chaînes courbées, tandis que les acides gras trans ont des chaînes droites.La consommation de gras trans a été responsable de divers troubles cardiovasculaires alors que la consommation d'acides gras cis, tels que les oméga-3 et les oméga-6, sont connus d'être bénéfiques pour la santé. Les Triglycérides, communément appelés graisses, sont principalement utilisés pour le stockage de l'énergie. Ils sont composés de trois acides gras liés au glycérol via des liaisons ester entre les extrémités hydroxyle du glycérol et les extrémités carboxyle des acides gras résultant dans la formation d'une molécule non polaire.Si toutes les trois acides gras sont du même type, ils sont connus sous le nom de triglycérides simples. Si les trois acides gras diffèrent, ils sont connus sous le nom de triglycérides mixtes. Un autre type de lipide, les phospholipides, est une caractéristique structurelle importante des membranes biologiques.Ils ont des têtes hydrophiles constituées de groupes phosphate modifiés par un groupe d'alcool hydrophile et queues d'acides gras hydrophobes. La composition de ces têtes et queues peut varier, résultant en différents types de lipides membranaires. Les glycérophospholipides sont un type courant de phospholipides qui se compose de deux acides gras et d'un groupe hautement polaire attaché à chaque carbone de glycérol par des liaisons ester et phosphodiester, respectivement.

structure des lipides

Les lipides comprennent un groupe diversifié de composés qui sont en grande partie de nature non polaire. En effet, ce sont des hydrocarbures qui contiennent principalement des liaisons carbone-carbone ou carbone-hydrogène non polaires. Les molécules non polaires sont hydrophobes (peur de l'eau & #8221;), ou insoluble dans l'eau. Les lipides remplissent de nombreuses fonctions différentes dans une cellule. Les cellules stockent de l'énergie pour une utilisation à long terme sous forme de graisses. Les lipides fournissent également une isolation de l'environnement pour les plantes et les animaux. Par exemple, ils aident à garder les oiseaux et les mamifères aquatiques sec avec la formation d'une couche protectrice sur la fourrure ou les plumes en raison de leur nature hydrophobe, hydrofuge. Les lipides sont également les éléments constitutifs de nombreuses hormones et sont un constituant important de toutes les membranes cellulaires. Les lipides comprennent les graisses, les huiles, les cires , phospholipides et stéroïdes. Structure générale des lipides Une molécule de graisse se compose de deux composants principaux—le glycérol et les acides gras. Le glycérol est un composé organique (alcool) avec trois carbones, cinq hydrogènes et trois groupes hydroxyle (OH). Les acides gras ont une longue chaîne d'hydrocarbures auxquels un groupe carboxyle est attaché, d'où le nom d'acide gras. Le nombre de carbones dans l'acide gras peut aller de 4 à 36. Les plus courants sont ceux contenant entre 12 & 8211; et 18 carbones. Dans une molécule de graisse, les acides gras se fixent à chacun des trois carbones de la molécule de glycérol avec une liaison ester via un atome d'oxygène. La jonction de trois acides gras à un squelette de glycérol dans une réaction de déshydratation forme le triacylglycérol. Les trois acides gras du triacylglycérol peuvent être similaires ou différents. Un phospholipide est un autre type courant de lipide. C'est une molécule amphipathique, c'est-à-dire qu'elle a une partie hydrophobe et une partie hydrophile. Les chaînes d'acides gras sont hydrophobes et ne peuvent pas interagir avec l'eau ; tandis que le groupe contenant du phosphate est hydrophile et interagit avec l'eau. Les groupes de tête hydrophiles des phospholipides font face à la solution aqueuse. Les queues hydrophobes sont séquestrées au milieu de la bicouche. Acides Gras Les acides gras peuvent être saturés ou insaturés. Dans une chaîne d'acide gras, s'il n'y a que des liaisons simples entre les carbones voisins de la chaîne hydrocarbonée, l'acide gras est saturé. L'acide stéarique est un exemple d'acide gras saturé. Lorsque la chaîne hydrocarbonée contient une double liaison, l'acide gras est insaturé. L'acide oléique est un exemple d'acide gras insaturé. La plupart des graisses insaturées sont liquides à température ambiante et sont appelées huiles. S'il y a une double liaison dans la molécule, alors c'est une graisse mono-insaturée (par exemple, l'huile d'olive), et s'il y a plus qu’une double liaison, alors c'est une graisse polyinsaturée (par exemple, l'huile de canola). Les acides gras longs et droits avec des liaisons simples se tassent généralement étroitement et sont solides à température ambiante. Les graisses animales contenant de l'acide stéarique et de l'acide palmitique (communes dans la viande) et la graisse contenant de l'acide butyrique (commune dans le beurre) sont des exemples de graisses saturées. Les acides gras peuvent en outre être classés en Cis et trans. Cis et trans indiquent la configuration de la molécule autour de la double liaison. Si des hydrogènes sont présents dans le même plan, il s'agit d'une graisse cis. Si les atomes d'hydrogène sont sur deux plans différents, il s'agit d'une graisse trans. La double liaison cis provoque une courbure ou un “kink” qui empêche les acides gras de se tasser étroitement, les gardant liquides à température ambiante. L'huile d'olive, l'huile de maïs, l'huile de canola et l'huile de foie de morue sont des exemples de graisses insaturées. Les graisses insaturées aident à abaisser le taux de cholestérol sanguin; tandis que les graisses saturées contribuent à la formation de plaque dans les artères. Gras trans L'industrie alimentaire hydrogénise artificiellement les huiles pour les rendre semi-solides et d'une consistance souhaitable pour de nombreux produits alimentaires transformés. Au cours de ce processus, les doubles liaisons de la conformation cis– dans la chaîne hydrocarbonée peut se convertir en doubles liaisons dans la conformation trans–. La margarine, certains types de beurre d'arachide et le shortening sont des exemples de graisses trans artificiellement hydrogénées. Des études récentes ont montré qu'une augmentation des graisses trans dans l'alimentation humaine peut conduire à des niveaux plus élevés de lipoprotéines de basse densité (LDL), ou "mauvais" cholestérol, qui à son tour peut entraîner un dépôt de plaque dans les artères, entraînant une maladie cardiaque. Acides gras oméga Les acides gras essentiels sont ceux dont le corps humain a besoin mais ne les synthétise pas. Par conséquent, ils doivent être absorbés par ingestion via l'alimentation. Les acides gras oméga-3 entrent dans cette catégorie et sont l'un des deux seuls connus pour l'homme (l'autre est l'acide gras oméga-6). Ce sont des acides gras polyinsaturés et sont des oméga-3 car une double liaison relie le troisième carbone de l'extrémité de la chaîne hydrocarbonée à son carbone voisin. L'acide alpha-linolénique est un exemple d'acide gras oméga-3 acide. Il possède trois doubles liaisons cis et, par conséquent, une forme courbe. Le saumon, la truite et le thon sont de bonnes sources d'acides gras oméga-3. La recherche indique que les acides gras oméga-3 réduisent le risque de mort subite par crise cardiaque, abaissent les triglycérides dans le sang, diminuent la pression artérielle et préviennent la thrombose en inhibant la coagulation du sang. Ils réduisent également l'inflammation et peuvent aider à réduire le risque de certains cancers chez les animaux. Ce texte est adapté de <a href=""https://openstax.org/books/biology-2e/pages/3-3-lipids"">Openstax, Biologie 2e, Chapitre 3.3 : Lipides</a>.

Structure des lipides

Les lipides comprennent un groupe diversifié de composés qui sont en grande partie de nature non polaire. En effet, il s’agit d’hydrocarbures qui comprennent principalement des hydrocarbures non polaires ...

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how lipid molecules are built

Lipid molecules are built from hydrocarbon chains and a few key structural parts. Their shape helps explain why they behave differently from many other biological molecules. In high school biology, this structure is often linked to how lipids store energy and help form cell membranes.

Some lipids are made from fatty acids joined to other small molecules. Triglycerides contain glycerol and three fatty acids, while phospholipids contain glycerol, two fatty acids, and a phosphate group. These structural differences give each type a different role in living things.

Fatty acids can also differ from one another. Saturated fatty acids have only single bonds between carbon atoms, while unsaturated fatty acids have one or more double bonds. These bond patterns change the way lipid molecules pack together and help explain their physical properties.

How Lipid Molecules Are Built

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SC.912.L.18.6

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SC.912.L.18.7

A. All living things are composed of four basic categories of macromolecules and share the same basic needs for life.

B. Living organisms acquire the energy they need for life processes through various metabolic pathways (primarily photosynthesis and cellular respiration).

C. Chemical reactions in living things follow basic rules of chemistry and are usually regulated by enzymes.

D. The unique chemical properties of carbon and water make life on Earth possible.

How Lipid Molecules Are Built

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