Name: carbohydrate structure and bonding
Uploaded: 2023-04-30T18:28:47.000Z
Duration: 3 min 25 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Florida Department of Education

High School

Life Science

SC.912.L.18

SC.912.L.18.1

Chemistry of Carbohydrates

Les glucides sont des composés constitués de carbone, d'hydrogène, et d'oxygène. Ces molécules tirent leur nom de la formule empirique de nombreux monosaccharides qui ont deux atomes d'hydrogène et un atome d'oxygène pour chaque carbone. Les glucides simples sont des monomères appelés monosaccharides et dimères appelés disaccharides.Les glucides complexes sont des polymères appelés polysaccharides. Un monosaccharide peut être classé sous forme d'aldose ou de cétose par son groupe fonctionnel. Ceux ayant un groupe aldéhyde sont appelés aldoses et ceux ayant un groupe cétone sont appelés cétoses.Les monosaccharides contiennent généralement de trois à sept atomes de carbone dans leurs chaînes. Chacun des carbones peut être numéroté à partir de numéro un de l'extrémité la plus proche du carbone carbonyle. Les sucres peuvent former des structures annulaires non planes et dans la nature existent principalement sous cette forme cyclique.Les structures cycliques se forment lorsque le groupe carbonyle réagit avec un groupe hydroxyle à l'extrémité opposée de la molécule par une réaction de condensation. Le carbone attaché à l'aldéhyde réactif ou à la cétone est également connu sous le nom de carbone anomérique. Ces structures cycliques carbone-oxygène peuvent exister sous la forme de deux anomères:alpha et bêta.Les anomères sont des isomères structuraux qui diffèrent dans la configuration au niveau du carbone carbonyle. Dans la forme alpha, le groupe hydroxyle sur le carbone anomérique et le groupe CH2OH sur le dernier carbone à l'intérieur de l'anneau sont situés sur les côtés opposés de l'anneau, et sous forme bêta, ils sont situés du même côté. Une convention de dénomination similaire est utilisée pour les liaisons liant les monosaccharides à d'autres molécules.Liens formés sous la structure annulaire sont connues sous le nom de liaisons alpha, alors que celles situées au-dessus de l'anneau sont connus sous le nom de liaisons bêta. Les nombres au nom des liaisons glycosidiques indiquent les nombres de carbone des monosaccharides qui sont impliqués dans les liens. Lorsque deux monosaccharides se lient à travers des liaisons glycosidiques, ils forment des disaccharides.Les liaisons glycosidiques sont des liaisons covalentes qui se forment lorsque le groupe hydroxyle d'un monosaccharide réagit avec le carbone anomérique d'un autre monosaccharide avec élimination d'un molécule d'eau. Les polysaccharides ou glucides complexes sont une chaîne de monosaccharides maintenus ensemble par des liaisons covalentes. La variation des liaisons glycosidiques présentes dans ces molécules peuvent entraîner différents types des polysaccharides du même monosaccharide.Les molécules de glucose liées par des liaisons β-1, 4-glycosidiques se forment la cellulose, un polysaccharide insoluble dans l'eau. Les molécules de glucose liées par des liaisons α-1, 4-glycosidiques se forment l'amylose, un polymère soluble dans l'eau et un composant de l'amidon. L'amidon et la cellulose sont des polysaccharides trouvés dans les plantes.Le glycogène est une molécule insoluble dans l'eau composée de glucose lié vers les liaisons α-1, 4-glycosidiques et branchement intermittent vers les liaisons α-1, 6-glycosidiques approfondies. Le glycogène sert de polysaccharide de stockage chez les animaux.

chimie des glucides

Les glucides sont une partie essentielle de l'alimentation des humains et des animaux. Les céréales, les fruits et les légumes sont des sources naturelles de glucides qui fournissent de l'énergie à l'organisme, notamment grâce au glucose, un sucre simple qui est un composant de l'amidon et un ingrédient dans de nombreux aliments de base. La formule stoechiométrique (CH2O)n, où n est le nombre de carbones dans la molécule, représenteles glucides. En d'autres termes, le rapport carbone/hydrogène/oxygène est de 1:2:1 dans les molécules de glucides. Cette formule explique également l'origine du terme « glucides » : les composants sont carbone (“carbo”) et eau (“hydrate”). Les glucides peuvent être classés en simples et complexes. Les monosaccharides et les disaccharides sont des glucides simples. Les polysaccharides sont des glucides complexes. Monosaccharides Les monosaccharides sont des sucres simples, dont le plus courant est le glucose. Dans les monosaccharides, le nombre de carbones varie généralement de trois à sept. Si le sucre a un groupe aldéhyde (le groupe fonctionnel avec la structure R-CHO), c'est un aldose, et s'il a un groupe cétone (le groupe fonctionnel avec la structure RC(=O)R'), il est un cétose. Selon le nombre de carbones dans le sucre, il peut s'agir de trioses (trois carbones), de pentoses (cinq carbones) et/ou d'hexoses (six carbones). Le galactose et le fructose sont d'autres monosaccharides courants. Le glucose, le galactose et le fructose sont des monosaccharides isomères (hexoses), ce qui signifie qu'ils ont la même formule chimique mais ont des structures légèrement différentes. Le glucose et le galactose sont des aldoses, et le fructose est un cétose. Les monosaccharides peuvent exister sous forme de chaîne linéaire ou de molécules en forme d'anneau. Dans les solutions aqueuses, ils sont généralement sous forme d'anneaux. Le glucose sous forme de cycle peut avoir deux arrangements différents de groupes hydroxyle (OH) autour du carbone anomérique (le carbone 1 qui devient asymétrique dans le processus de formation du cycle). Si le groupe hydroxyle est en dessous du carbone numéro 1 dans le sucre, il est en position alpha (α), et s'il est au-dessus du plan, il est en bêta ( β). <h4>Disaccharides</h4> Les disaccharides se forment lorsque deux monosaccharides subissent une réaction de déshydratation (ou une réaction de condensation ou une synthèse de déshydratation). Au cours de ce processus, le groupe hydroxyle d'un monosaccharide se combine avec l'hydrogène d'un autre monosaccharide, libérant une molécule d'eau et formant une liaison covalente. C'est ce qu'on appelle une liaison glycosidique. Les liaisons glycosidiques (ou liaisons glycosidiques) peuvent être de type alpha ou bêta. Une liaison alpha est formée lorsque le groupe OH sur le carbone 1 du premier glucose est en dessous du plan du cycle, et une liaison bêta est formée lorsque le groupe OH sur le carbone 1 est au-dessus du plan du cycle. Le disaccharide le plus courant est le saccharose, ou sucre de table, qui est composé de monomères de glucose et de fructose. <h4>Polysaccharides</h4> Une longue chaîne de monosaccharides liés par des liaisons glycosidiques est un polysaccharide. La chaîne peut être ramifiée ou non ramifiée, et elle peut contenir différents types de monosaccharides. Le poids moléculaire peut être de 100 000 daltons ou plus selon le nombre de monomères joints. L'amidon, le glycogène, la cellulose et la chitine sont des exemples de polysaccharides. Les plantes stockent l'amidon sous forme de sucres. Chez les plantes, un mélange d'amylose et d'amylopectine (tous deux des polymères de glucose) comprend ces sucres. L'amidon comprend des monomères de glucose qui sont reliés par des liaisons glycosidiques α 1-4 ou α 1-6. Les nombres 1-4 et 1-6 font référence au nombre de carbones des deux résidus qui se sont joints pour former la liaison. Le glycogène est la forme de stockage du glucose chez l'homme et d'autres vertébrés et est composé de monomères de glucose. Le glycogène est l'équivalent animal de l'amidon et est une molécule hautement ramifiée généralement stockée dans les cellules du foie et des muscles. Chaque fois que la glycémie diminue, le glycogène se décompose pour libérer du glucose. La cellulose est le biopolymère naturel le plus abondant. La cellulose comprend principalement la paroi cellulaire d'une plante. Cela fournit le support structurel de la cellule. Le bois et le papier sont principalement de nature cellulosique. Les monomères de glucose comprennent la cellulose qui lie β 1 à 4 liaisons glycosidiques Ce texte est adapté de <a href=""https://openstax.org/books/biology-2e/pages/3-2-carbohydrates"">Openstax, Biologie 2e, Chapitre 3.4 : Glucides.</a>

Chimie des glucides

Les glucides sont une partie essentielle de l’alimentation chez les humains et les animaux. Les céréales, les fruits et les légumes sont des sources naturelles de glucides qui fournissent ...

Education

Enseignement

JoVE Core

Cell Biology

Biologie cellulaire

Unit 1

Unité 1

Biochemistry of the Cell

Biochimie de la cellule

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

TERMES ET CONCEPTS CLÉS

carbohydrate structure and bonding

Carbohydrates are built from sugar units and the bonds that link them. Their chemistry explains how simple sugars join to form larger molecules. It also helps show why carbohydrates have different structures and functions.

The video focuses on the main sugar types found in carbohydrates. These include monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. Monosaccharides are single sugar units. Disaccharides contain two sugar units, while polysaccharides are long chains of many sugar units.

The transcript also highlights how these sugar units connect through chemical bonds. These links change the size and structure of the carbohydrate molecule. That structural change is important because it affects how the molecule behaves in living systems.

Carbohydrate Structure and Bonding

the periodic table and organismal elements

the-periodic-table-and-organismal-elements

Elements in the Human Body and Periodic Table

Elements are the smallest units of matter that cannot be broken down further by chemical processes. Scientists know 118 elements, but not all of them occur naturally. Only a small number are essential for life, and living matter depends mostly on carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, and oxygen. The periodic table organizes elements by their physical and chemical properties. Each square shows the element name, chemical symbol, atomic number, and atomic weight. The atomic number is the number of protons...

functional groups

Functional Groups in Organic Molecules

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types of chemical bonds

Chemical Bonds and How Atoms Join

Chemical bonds hold atoms together and help explain how different substances form. In chemistry, the main bond types are ionic bonds, covalent bonds, and metallic bonds. Ionic bonds form when electrons move from one atom to another. Covalent bonds form when atoms share electrons. Metallic bonds occur in metals, where electrons are held in a shared arrangement that gives metals their characteristic behavior. Understanding these bond types helps students compare how atoms connect in different...

noncovalent attractions in biomolecules

Biomolecule Interactions Without Covalent Bonds

Biomolecules often stay together through noncovalent attractions instead of covalent bonds. These weaker interactions help molecules recognize each other and form structures needed for life. The main noncovalent attractions are hydrogen bonds, electrostatic interactions, van der Waals forces, and hydrophobic interactions. Each one works in a different way, but all of them can influence how biomolecules fold, bind, and behave in cells. Hydrogen bonds form when a hydrogen atom is attracted to...

polymers

Polymer Chains and Their Properties

Polymers are large molecules made from repeating units called monomers. These long chains can form many common materials. Their structure helps explain why different polymers can behave in different ways. Polymers can be built in more than one way. Some form by addition polymerization, where monomers join together directly. Others form by condensation polymerization, which releases a small molecule as the chain grows. The type of polymer affects its properties and uses. Some polymers are...

what are lipids?

Lipids in Cells: Membranes, Energy, and Signals

Lipids are important cell molecules that act as membrane parts, energy stores, and signaling molecules. They are a diverse group of hydrocarbons, which are compounds made of carbon and hydrogen atoms. The carbon-carbon and carbon-hydrogen bonds are nonpolar, so lipids have an overall nonpolar character. Lipids are also hydrophobic, or “water-hating.” They do not form hydrogen bonds with water, so they are nearly insoluble in water. They are, however, soluble in organic solvents such as...

structure of lipids

How Lipid Molecules Are Built

Lipid molecules are built from hydrocarbon chains and a few key structural parts. Their shape helps explain why they behave differently from many other biological molecules. In high school biology, this structure is often linked to how lipids store energy and help form cell membranes. Some lipids are made from fatty acids joined to other small molecules. Triglycerides contain glycerol and three fatty acids, while phospholipids contain glycerol, two fatty acids, and a phosphate group. These...

chemistry of carbohydrates

Carbohydrates are built from sugar units and the bonds that link them. Their chemistry explains how simple sugars join to form larger molecules. It also helps show why carbohydrates have different structures and functions. The video focuses on the main sugar types found in carbohydrates. These include monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. Monosaccharides are single sugar units. Disaccharides contain two sugar units, while polysaccharides are long chains of many sugar units. The...

nucleic acids

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ph regulation in cells

Cell pH and Organelle Balance

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Cell chemistry explains the substances that make cells work. Water is the main component of cells, and it supports the chemical reactions that keep life going. Cells also contain organic molecules, which are carbon-based compounds, and inorganic ions, which are charged particles needed for cell function. Organic molecules in cells include carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. These molecules have different roles, but together they build cell structures, store energy, and carry...

key terms and concepts

Explore carbohydrate structure, from monosaccharides to polysaccharides, and see how chemical bonds link sugar units into larger molecules.

Carbohydrate Structure and Bonding | JoVE K12

cell biology

JoVE Core Biologie cellulaire illustre les processus cellulaires complexes dans des leçons vidéos complètes mais faciles à comprendre. Cette collection se concentre sur les composants et fonctions essentiels de la cellule ; cela inclut les organelles et les membranes ainsi que le transport et le métabolisme énergétique cellulaire. Elle est complétée par nos vidéos de scientifiques à l'action qui démontrent l'application de la biologie cellulaire dans des expériences concrètes.

SC.912.L.18.2

Macromolecules

Biomolecules
Organisms contain a wide variety of organic molecules with numerous functions which depend on the chemical structures and properties of these ...

Polymers

What are Lipids?

Lipids function as structural components of cellular membranes, in addition to acting as energy reservoirs and signaling molecules. They are thus crucial ...

Structure of Lipids

lipid-derived-compounds-in-the-human-body

Lipid-derived Compounds in the Human Body

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Fats as Energy Storage Molecules

Amino acids

Amino acids are the monomers that comprise proteins. Each amino acid has the same fundamental structure, which consists of a central carbon atom, or the ...

Peptide Bonds

A peptide bond covalently attaches amino acids through a dehydration reaction. One amino acid&#39;s carboxyl group and another amino acid&#39;s amino ...

What are Proteins?

Protein and Protein Structures

Protein Organization

Globular Proteins

In organisms, proteins are the most abundant macromolecules. They act as the building blocks of life and play various crucial roles in the body. Proteins ...

Fibrous Proteins

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Protein Denaturation

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Nucleic Acids and Nucleotides

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Nucleic Acid Structure

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RNA Structure

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Types of RNA

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Noncovalent Attractions in Biomolecules

Describe the basic molecular structures and primary functions of the four major categories of biological macromolecules.

Cellulose and Pectic Polysaccharides

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Membrane Carbohydrates

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Describe the important structural characteristics of monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides and explain the functions of carbohydrates in living things.

Overview of Fatty Acid Metabolism

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Membrane Fluidity

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Fluid Mosaic Model

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Membrane Lipids

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Asymmetric Lipid Bilayer

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Lipids as Anchors

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The Significance of Membrane Transport

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Describe the structures of fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids. Explain the functions of lipids in living organisms. Identify some reactions that fatty acids undergo. Relate the structure and function of cell membranes.

SC.912.L.18.3

Ligand Binding Sites

Cofactors and Coenzymes

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Introduction to Enzymes

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Enzymes and Activation Energy

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Introduction to Enzyme Kinetics

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Turnover Number and Catalytic Efficiency

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Catalytically Perfect Enzymes

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Introduction to Mechanisms of Enzyme Catalysis

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Ligand Binding and Linkage

Cooperative Allosteric Transitions

Ribozymes

Enzyme Activity

Biological Catalysts

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Describe the structures of proteins and amino acids. Explain the functions of proteins in living organisms. Identify some reactions that amino acids undergo. Relate the structure and function of enzymes.

SC.912.L.18.4

Chemiosmosis

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electron-transport-chain-complex-i-and-ii

Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II

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Electron Transport Chain: Complex III and IV

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The Electron Transport Chain

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The Supercomplexes in the Crista Membrane

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ATP Synthase: Structure

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ATP Synthase: Mechanism

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The ADP/ATP Carrier Protein

ADP/ATP carrier or AAC protein is the most abundant carrier protein in the inner mitochondrial membrane. It transports large quantities of ADP and ATP, ...

ATP Yield

Cellular respiration produces 30 - 32 ATP per glucose molecule. Although most of the ATP results from oxidative phosphorylation and the electron transport ...

Discuss the use of chemiosmotic gradients for ATP production in chloroplasts and mitochondria.

SC.912.L.18.5

Fermentation

Most eukaryotic organisms require oxygen to survive and function adequately. Such organisms produce large amounts of energy during aerobic respiration by ...

biofuels-producing-ethanol-from-cellulosic-material

Biofuels: Producing Ethanol from Cellulosic Material

Source: Laboratories of Margaret Workman and Kimberly Frye - Depaul University
In this experiment, cellulosic material (such as corn stalks, leaves, ...

Discuss the role of anaerobic respiration in living things and in human society.

SC.912.L.18.6

Photosynthesis

Autotrophs

Almost all living organisms on Earth depend on photosynthesis, which is the process that converts sunlight energy into a simple sugar called ...

What is Photosynthesis?

All living organisms on Earth are directly or indirectly dependent on photosynthesis. It is the only biological process that can capture energy from ...

The Anatomy of Chloroplasts

Green algae and plants, including green stems and unripe fruit, harbor specialized organelles called chloroplasts to carry out photosynthesis. They ...

Photosystems

Photosystems are multiprotein complexes that form the functional units of photosynthesis in plants, algae, and cyanobacteria. They are found embedded in ...

The Photochemical Reaction Center

Reaction centers are pigment-protein complexes that initiate energy conversion from photons to chemical entities. Therefore, photochemical reaction center ...

The Antenna Complex

Plants and other photosynthetic organisms comprise pigments capable of absorption of direct sunlight. These pigments are present in the reaction center - ...

the-z-scheme-of-electron-transport-in-photosynthesis

The Z-Scheme of Electron Transport in Photosynthesis

The light reactions of photosynthesis assume a linear flow of electrons from water to NADP+. During this process, light energy drives the splitting of ...

Identify the reactants, products, and basic functions of photosynthesis.

SC.912.L.18.7

A. All living things are composed of four basic categories of macromolecules and share the same basic needs for life.

B. Living organisms acquire the energy they need for life processes through various metabolic pathways (primarily photosynthesis and cellular respiration).

C. Chemical reactions in living things follow basic rules of chemistry and are usually regulated by enzymes.

D. The unique chemical properties of carbon and water make life on Earth possible.

Carbohydrate Structure and Bonding

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