Name: dna and rna in cells
Uploaded: 2023-04-30T18:28:47.000Z
Duration: 2 min 43 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Next Generation Science Standards

High School

Life Science

from-molecules-to-organisms-structures-and-processes

From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes

HS-LS1-1

Nucleic Acids

Les acides nucléiques sont des polymères de nucléotides molécules composées d'un sucre pentose, une base contenant de l'azote et un groupe phosphate. Il existe deux types d'acides nucléiques:acide désoxyribonucléique, ADN et acide ribonucléique, ARN. Leurs structures chimiques diffèrent selon sur quels sucres pentoses et bases azotées ils contiennent.Le sucre pentose dans l'ARN est le ribose, qui a un groupe hydroxyle attaché au carbone-2. Le sucre dans l'ADN est le désoxyribose, qui n'a qu'un atome hydrogène mais pas d'oxygène au carbone-2. La base azotée est liée au carbone-1 et au phosphate au carbone-5.L'ARN et l'ADN contiennent les bases adénine, cytosine, et guanine;mais l'ADN contient de la thymine, tandis que l'ARN contient de l'uracile. Dans l'ADN et l'ARN, la guanine et la cytosine forment des paires de bases complémentaires, liées par trois liaisons hydrogène. L'adénine et la thymine forment des paires de bases dans l'ADN tandis que l'adénine et l'uracile apparient dans l'ARN, tous deux liés entre eux par deux liaisons hydrogène.Diverses enzymes ADN ou ARN polymérase catalysent la polymérisation des nucléotides. Une liaison phosphodiester est formée entre un groupe hydroxyle attaché au carbone-3 et au groupe phosphate attaché au carbone-5 du nucléotide suivant. Cette réaction laisse une extrémité 5 non attachée avec un groupe phosphate libre et une extrémité 3 non attachée avec un groupe hydroxyle libre.Lorsqu'il est associé à un brin complémentaire, les deux molécules sont antiparallèles, signifiant que l'extrémité 5 d'un brin se couple avec l'extrémité 3'de l'autre. Les brins sont maintenus ensemble par des forces intermoléculaires, y compris les effets hydrophobes, les interactions de van der Waals, et les liaisons hydrogène spécifiques qui forment entre les bases azotées. L'ADN est une double hélice composée de deux chaînes polynucléotidiques enroulés les uns autour des autres.En revanche, l'ARN se trouve souvent sous forme de molécule simple brin. Cependant, l'ARN peut se lier à un ADN ou un ARN complémentaire. Il peut également présenter un appariement de bases complémentaire intra-brin résultant en structures secondaires de différents types d'ARN qui ont des fonctions distinctes dans la cellule.

acides nucléiques

Les acides nucléiques sont les macromolécules les plus importantes pour la continuité de la vie. Ils portent le plan génétique de la cellule et portent des instructions pour son fonctionnement. 
 ADN et ARN 
 Les deux principaux types d'acides nucléiques sont l'acide désoxyribonucléique (ADN) et l'acide ribonucléique (ARN). L'ADN est le matériel génétique de tous les organismes vivants, allant des bactéries unicellulaires aux mammifères multicellulaires. Il se trouve dans le noyau des eucaryotes et dans les organelles, les chloroplastes et les mitochondries. Chez les procaryotes, l'ADN n'est pas enfermé dans une enveloppe membraneuse. 
 L'ensemble du contenu génétique de la cellule est son génome, et l'étude des génomes est la génomique. Dans les cellules d'eucaryotes mais pas dans les procaryotes, l'ADN forme un complexe avec des protéines histones pour former la chromatine, substance des chromosomes d'eucaryotes. Un chromosome peut contenir des dizaines de milliers de gènes. De nombreux gènes contiennent l'information pour fabriquer des protéines. D'autres gènes codent pour les produits ARN. L’ADN contrôle toutes les activités cellulaires en activant ou désactivant les gènes. 
 L'autre type d'acide nucléique, l'ARN, est surtout impliqué dans la synthèse des protéines. Les molécules d'ADN ne quittent jamais le noyau mais utilisent plutôt un intermédiaire pour communiquer avec le reste de la cellule. Cet intermédiaire est l'ARN messager (ARNm). D'autres types d'ARN, comme l'ARNr, l'ARNt et le microARN, sont impliqués dans la synthèse et la régulation des protéines. 
 L'ADN et l'ARN se composent de monomères appelés nucléotides. Trois composantes comprennent chaque nucléotide : une base azotée, un sucre pentose (cinq-carbones) et un groupe phosphate. Chaque base azotée d'un nucléotide est fixée à une molécule de sucre, qui est fixée à un ou plusieurs groupes phosphates. Les bases azotées, constituants importants des nucléotides, sont des molécules organiques et sont ainsi nommées parce qu'elles contiennent du carbone et de l'azote. Elles sont des bases parce qu'elles contiennent un groupe aminé qui a le potentiel de fixer un hydrogène supplémentaire, et donc de diminuer la concentration d'ions hydrogène dans son environnement, ce qui le rend plus basique. Chaque nucléotide de l'ADN contient l'une des quatre bases azotées possibles : l'adénine (A), la guanine (G), la cytosine (C) et la thymine (T). L'adénine et la guanine sont classées comme des purines. La structure primaire de la purine est constituée de deux cycles carbone-azote. La cytosine, la thymine et l'uracile sont classées comme des pyrimidines dont la structure primaire est composée d'un seul cycle carbone-azote. Chacun de ces cycles carbone-azote basiques a des groupes fonctionnels différents qui sont fixés à lui. En biologie moléculaire, nous connaissons les bases azotées par leurs symboles A, T, G, C et U. L'ADN contient A, T, G et C ; alors que, L'ARN contient A, U, G et C. 
 Le sucre pentose dans l'ADN est le désoxyribose, et dans l'ARN, le sucre est le ribose. La différence entre les sucres est la présence du groupe hydroxyle sur le deuxième carbone du ribose et de l'hydrogène sur le deuxième carbone du désoxyribose. Le résidu phosphate se fixe au groupe hydroxyle du carbone 5′ d'un sucre et au groupe hydroxyle du carbone 3′ du sucre du nucléotide suivant, ce qui forme une liaison phosphodiester 5′–3′. 
 Structure à double hélice de l'ADN 
 L'ADN a une structure en double hélice. Le sucre et le phosphate se trouvent à l'extérieur de l'hélice, formant le squelette de l'ADN. Les bases azotées sont empilées à l'intérieur, comme une paire de marches d'escalier. Les liaisons hydrogène relient les paires entre elles. Chaque paire de bases de la double hélice est séparée de la paire de bases suivante par 0,34 nm. Les deux brins de l'hélice s'exécutent dans des directions opposées, ce qui signifie que l'extrémité carbone 5′ d'un brin sera orientée vers l'extrémité carbone 3′ de son brin correspondant. Seuls certains types d'appariement de bases sont autorisés : A peut se coupler avec T et G peut se coupler avec C. Il s'agit de la règle des bases complémentaires. En d'autres termes, les brins d'ADN sont complémentaires. 
 ARN 
 L'acide ribonucléique, ou ARN, est principalement impliqué dans le processus de synthèse des protéines sous la direction de l'ADN. L'ARN est généralement monocaténaire et se compose de ribonucléotides qui sont liés par des liaisons phosphodiester. 
 Il existe quatre types principaux d'ARN : l'ARN messager (ARNm), l'ARN ribosomique (ARNr), l'ARN de transfert (ARNt) et le microARN (miARN). Le premier, l'ARNm, porte le message de l'ADN, qui contrôle toutes les activités cellulaires dans une cellule. Si une cellule a besoin d'une certaine protéine, le gène pour celle-ci se déclenche et l'ARN messager est synthétisé dans le noyau. La séquence des bases de l'ARN est complémentaire à la séquence de codage de l'ADN à partir de laquelle elle a été copiée. Dans le cytoplasme, l'ARNm interagit avec les ribosomes et d'autres machineries cellulaires. 
 L'ARNm est lu suivant des ensembles de trois bases connues sous le nom de codons. Chaque codon code un seul acide aminé. De cette façon, l'ARNm est lu et le produit protéique est fabriqué. L'ARN ribosomique (ARNr) est un constituant majeur des ribosomes sur lesquels l'ARNm se lie. L'ARNr assure le bon alignement de l'ARNm et des ribosomes. L'ARNr du ribosome a également une activité enzymatique (peptidyl transférase) et catalyse la formation de liaisons peptidiques entre deux acides aminés alignés. L'ARN de transfert (ARNt) est l'un des plus petits des quatre types d'ARN, généralement de 70 à 90 nucléotides de long. Il transporte le bon acide aminé vers le site de synthèse des protéines. C'est l'appariement des bases entre l'ARNt et l'ARNm qui permet au bon acide aminé de s'insérer dans la chaîne polypeptidique. Les microARN sont les plus petites molécules d'ARN et leur rôle consiste à réguler l'expression des gènes en interférant avec l'expression de certains messages d'ARNm. 
 Même si l'ARN est mono-brin, la plupart des types d'ARN présentent un appariement de bases intramoléculaire étendu entre des séquences complémentaires, créant une structure tridimensionnelle prévisible essentielle à leur fonction. 
 Ce texte est adapté de <a href="https://openstax.org/books/biology-2e/pages/3-5-nucleic-acids"> Openstax, Biologie 2e, Chapitre 3.5 : Acides nucléiques</a>.

Acides nucléiques

Les acides nucléiques sont les macromolécules les plus importantes pour la continuité de la vie. Ils portent le plan génétique de la cellule et portent des instructions pour son ...

Education

Enseignement

JoVE Core

Cell Biology

Biologie cellulaire

Unit 1

Unité 1

Biochemistry of the Cell

Biochimie de la cellule

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

TERMES ET CONCEPTS CLÉS

dna and rna in cells

DNA and RNA are nucleic acids that help store and use genetic information in cells. They are key molecules in biology and are often studied together because they work as a pair in living systems.

Nucleic acids are built from repeating units called nucleotides. Each nucleotide has a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. The order of these bases carries the genetic code.

There are two main nucleic acids: DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, and RNA, or ribonucleic acid. DNA usually stores genetic information, while RNA helps carry and use that information in the cell. Their roles make them essential for heredity and cell function.

DNA and RNA in Cells

the periodic table and organismal elements

the-periodic-table-and-organismal-elements

Elements in the Human Body and Periodic Table

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functional groups

Functional Groups in Organic Molecules

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types of chemical bonds

Chemical Bonds and How Atoms Join

Chemical bonds hold atoms together and help explain how different substances form. In chemistry, the main bond types are ionic bonds, covalent bonds, and metallic bonds. Ionic bonds form when electrons move from one atom to another. Covalent bonds form when atoms share electrons. Metallic bonds occur in metals, where electrons are held in a shared arrangement that gives metals their characteristic behavior. Understanding these bond types helps students compare how atoms connect in different...

noncovalent attractions in biomolecules

Biomolecule Interactions Without Covalent Bonds

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polymers

Polymer Chains and Their Properties

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what are lipids?

Lipids in Cells: Membranes, Energy, and Signals

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structure of lipids

How Lipid Molecules Are Built

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chemistry of carbohydrates

Carbohydrate Structure and Bonding

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nucleic acids

DNA and RNA are nucleic acids that help store and use genetic information in cells. They are key molecules in biology and are often studied together because they work as a pair in living systems. Nucleic acids are built from repeating units called nucleotides. Each nucleotide has a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. The order of these bases carries the genetic code. There are two main nucleic acids: DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, and RNA, or ribonucleic acid. DNA usually stores...

protein and protein structures

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ph regulation in cells

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chemistry of the cell

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Cell chemistry explains the substances that make cells work. Water is the main component of cells, and it supports the chemical reactions that keep life going. Cells also contain organic molecules, which are carbon-based compounds, and inorganic ions, which are charged particles needed for cell function. Organic molecules in cells include carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. These molecules have different roles, but together they build cell structures, store energy, and carry...

key terms and concepts

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DNA and RNA in Cells | JoVE K12

cell biology

JoVE Core Biologie cellulaire illustre les processus cellulaires complexes dans des leçons vidéos complètes mais faciles à comprendre. Cette collection se concentre sur les composants et fonctions essentiels de la cellule ; cela inclut les organelles et les membranes ainsi que le transport et le métabolisme énergétique cellulaire. Elle est complétée par nos vidéos de scientifiques à l'action qui démontrent l'application de la biologie cellulaire dans des expériences concrètes.

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New York State Science Learning Standards

Structure and Function

HS-LS1-1.

Georgia Standards of Excellence

9-12

Biology

SB6.c

Characteristics of Life

Biology is a natural science that studies life and living organisms, including their structure, function, development, interactions, evolution, ...

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Cell Structure

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Cytoplasm

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Conjugated Proteins

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protein-complexes-with-interchangeable-parts

Protein Complexes with Interchangeable Parts

Mechanical Protein Function

Structural Protein Function

Protein Networks

Construct an explanation based on evidence for how the structure of DNA determines the structure of proteins, which carry out the essential functions of life through systems of specialized cells. [Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include identification of specific cell or tissue types, whole body systems, specific protein structures and functions, or the biochemistry of protein synthesis.]

Levels of Organization

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Animal and Plant Cell Structure

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Lipid Digestion

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Protein Digestion

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Carbohydrate Digestion

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Overview

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The Parasympathetic Nervous System

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The Sympathetic Nervous System

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Fertilization

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What is the Skeletal System?

Overview

The adult human skeleton comprises 206 bones that are connected through cartilage, tendons, and ligaments. The skeleton provides a rigid ...

an-introduction-to-the-zebrafish-danio-rerio

An Introduction to the Zebrafish: Danio rerio

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Physiology of the Circulatory System

Homeostasis
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Anatomy of the Circulatory System

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Measuring Blood Pressure
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Anatomy of the Heart

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Measuring Circulatory System Function in Humans
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Blood Flow

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What Are Osmoregulation and Excretion?

Organisms must keep bodily fluids at a constant temperature and pH while maintaining specific solute concentrations in order to support life functions. ...

Blood Withdrawal I

Source: Kay Stewart, RVT, RLATG, CMAR; Valerie A. Schroeder, RVT, RLATG. University of Notre Dame, IN
Blood collection is a common requirement for ...

Kidney Structure

The kidneys are two large bean-shaped organs located in the upper abdomen. They filter the blood several times a day to remove toxins and rebalance water ...

Blood Withdrawal II

Source: Kay Stewart, RVT, RLATG, CMAR; Valerie A. Schroeder, RVT, RLATG. University of Notre Dame, IN
The collection of blood from mice and rats for ...

What is the Immune System?

Overview

The immune system comprises diverse biological structures and processes that protect the body from disease. These processes can be classified ...

Bone Remodeling

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Spermatogenesis

Spermatogenesis is the process by which haploid sperm cells are produced in the male testes. It starts with stem cells located close to the outer rim of ...

Bone Structure

Within the skeletal system, the structure of a bone, or osseous tissue, can be exemplified in a long bone, like the femur, where there are two types of ...

Develop and use a model to illustrate the hierarchical organization of interacting systems that provide specific functions within multicellular organisms. [Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on functions at the organism system level such as nutrient uptake, water delivery, and organism movement in response to neural stimuli. An example of an interacting system could be an artery depending on the proper function of elastic tissue and smooth muscle to regulate and deliver the proper amount of blood within the circulatory system.] [Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include interactions and functions at the molecular or chemical reaction level.]

HS-LS1-2

DNA and RNA in Cells

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