Name: pilot relays and digital protection
Uploaded: 2024-11-21T14:54:35.000Z
Duration: 1 min 21 s
Channel: JoVE

Le relais pilote, une forme de protection différentielle, utilise des canaux de communication pour comparer les quantités de terminaux sur des lignes de transmission largement répandues. Il est généralement appliqué aux lignes plus courtes, d’une puissance nominale comprise entre 69 et 115 kV.
Quatre canaux de communication sont utilisés, avec deux méthodes principales de détection des défauts : la comparaison directionnelle, pour évaluer les flux de puissance, et la comparaison de phase, pour évaluer les angles de phase du courant relatif.
À l’instar des relais différentiels, les relais pilotes assurent la protection de la zone primaire sans nécessiter de réglages de relais complexes ni de calculs de défaillance du système.
Ils détectent et isolent rapidement les défauts dans les lignes de transmission à haute tension afin d’assurer une alimentation électrique ininterrompue.
Les relais numériques utilisent des microprocesseurs et des logiciels pour la détection des défauts. Leurs avantages comprennent une taille compacte, moins de câblage, une programmabilité, une charge de transformateur réduite, des capacités multifonctions et une sensibilité, une fiabilité et une vitesse améliorées. Ils peuvent également se réinitialiser automatiquement.
Cependant, les ingénieurs doivent être conscients des modes de défaillance courants, car les relais numériques sont vulnérables aux transitoires du système d’alimentation externe.

relais pilote et numérique

Pilot and Numeric Relaying

Le relais pilote est un type de protection différentielle utilisé dans les systèmes électriques. Il compare les quantités électriques aux bornes des équipements via un canal de communication au lieu d'une interconnexion directe par relais. Cette méthode est essentielle pour les lignes de transmission où les bornes sont éloignées, généralement jusqu'à 80 km pour les lignes de 69 à 115 kV. Quatre types de canaux de communication sont utilisés pour le relais pilote:

Fils pilotes : Il s'agit de circuits électriques séparés fonctionnant en courant continu, de 50 à 60 Hz ou à des fréquences audio.

Courant porteur en ligne : ce type utilise la ligne de transmission elle-même comme support de communication, avec des fréquences comprises entre 30 et 300 kHz.

Micro-ondes : utilise des signaux de 2 à 12 GHz transmis via des chemins en visibilité directe avec des antennes paraboliques.

Câble à fibre optique : utilise la modulation de la lumière via des câbles non conducteurs, éliminant ainsi les problèmes d'isolation électrique et d'interférence.

Il existe deux méthodes de détection des défauts : la méthode directionnelle et la méthode de comparaison de phase. La méthode de comparaison directionnelle compare les flux de puissance aux bornes de la ligne, tandis que la méthode de comparaison de phase compare les angles de phase relatifs des courants aux bornes.

Le relais numérique, ou relais numérique, utilise des systèmes à microprocesseur avec un logiciel de détection des défauts. Les relais numériques réduisent le câblage du panneau, simplifient les modifications des paramètres via des mises à jour à distance et minimisent la charge sur les transformateurs. Ils offrent une plus grande sensibilité, des temps de déclenchement plus rapides et une fiabilité améliorée grâce à un nombre réduit de composants. Ces relais peuvent analyser les données après défaut, vérifier la récupération du système et adapter les paramètres aux conditions changeantes.

Les relais numériques sont sensibles aux risques de cybersécurité, il est donc essentiel de se conformer aux normes de sécurité de la North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC).

Dans la protection décentralisée, chaque relais reçoit des informations des transformateurs de courant et de tension locaux, déclenchant uniquement les disjoncteurs locaux. Cette approche garantit la fiabilité sans avoir recours à un relais pilote. Les relais numériques peuvent s'intégrer aux systèmes centralisés pour améliorer la coordination globale de la protection et la fiabilité du système.

Relais pilote et numérique

Le relais pilote, une forme de protection différentielle, utilise des canaux de communication pour comparer les quantités de terminaux sur des lignes de transmission largement répandues. Il...

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pilot relays and digital protection

Pilot relays and numeric relays help protect power systems. Pilot relaying is a form of differential protection, which compares electrical quantities at equipment terminals through a communication channel instead of a direct relay link. It is especially useful for transmission lines with terminals far apart, often up to 80 km on 69 to 115 kV lines.

Pilot relaying can use several communication channels. Pilot wires are separate electrical circuits that operate at DC, 50 to 60 Hz, or audio frequencies. Power-line carrier uses the transmission line itself as the communication path, with frequencies from 30 to 300 kHz. Microwave systems send 2 to 12 GHz signals through line-of-sight paths with dish antennas. Fiber optic cable carries light through non-conducting cables, which avoids electrical insulation and interference problems.

Fault detection in pilot relaying uses directional comparison or phase comparison. Directional comparison checks the direction of power flow at the line terminals. Phase comparison checks the relative phase angles of currents at the terminals. Both methods help decide whether a fault is inside the protected section of the line.

Numeric relaying, also called digital relaying, uses microprocessor-based systems and software to detect faults. These relays reduce panel wiring, make setting changes easier through remote updates, and place less burden on transformers. They also offer higher sensitivity, faster tripping times, and better reliability because they use fewer components.

Numeric relays can also study data after a fault, check how the system recovers, and adjust settings when conditions change. They do face cybersecurity risks, so North American Electric Reliability Corporation, or NERC, security standards are important. In decentralized protection, each relay uses local current and voltage transformer data and trips only its local breakers. Numeric relays can also work with centralized systems to improve protection coordination and overall system reliability.

Pilot Relays and Digital Protection

instrument transformers

Voltage and Current Sensing in Power Grids

Instrument transformers help power substations measure voltage and current safely. They create isolated replicas of electrical signals for measurement and protection. These devices support protective relays and other monitoring equipment that keep power systems stable and reliable. The two main types are voltage transformers, or VTs, and current transformers, or CTs. A voltage transformer reduces the primary voltage to a lower level that relays and measuring devices can use. A current...

overcurrent relays

Relay Settings for Circuit Fault Protection

Overcurrent relays protect circuits by sensing excess current through the secondary side of a current transformer. They are an important part of circuit protection and help keep power systems stable when a fault occurs. Two main relay types are used here: instantaneous and time-delay overcurrent relays. An instantaneous relay trips right away when current rises above the pickup current, which is the preset level that starts the relay. It then energizes the circuit breaker trip coil at once,...

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Breaker Coordination in Radial Systems

Breaker coordination in radial systems uses time-delay overcurrent relays to limit load interruption. When a fault happens, the nearest breaker should open first. Upstream breakers stay closed because they are set with longer delays. This lets the fault be isolated while the rest of the system keeps running. If a fault is downstream of the third breaker, only the third breaker should trip. That removes power from the load beyond the fault. The second breaker keeps a longer delay setting, so...

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Fault Coordination with Reclosers and Fuses

Fault coordination with reclosers and fuses helps protect radial distribution circuits. A recloser is an automatic switch that interrupts AC power and then closes again on a preset schedule. This brief outage can clear temporary faults on overhead lines, such as those caused by tree limbs or wildlife, and it can improve overall reliability. Reclosers and their ground-level hazards also matter. Contact with a recloser or with a broken energized conductor on the ground can be dangerous. That is...

directional relays

Directional Relays in Power System Protection

Directional relays help protect power systems by telling forward faults from reverse faults. They are used when fault current flows mainly in one direction on a line. This makes the relay useful for safe and efficient fault clearing. On a protected line, a fault downstream, or to the right of the current transformer, usually makes the fault current lag the bus voltage by about 90 degrees. This is called the forward direction. A fault upstream, or to the left, may make the fault current lead...

zones of protection

Power System Protection Zones

Power system protection zones divide the network into sections so faults can be isolated quickly. These zones can include generators, transformers, buses, transmission lines, distribution lines, and motors. Each zone is shown with closed dashed lines and contains one or more components. Circuit breakers are placed at the borders where protection zones meet. If a fault happens in one zone, the related breakers open and disconnect only that section. A fault in one area, such as a kitchen in the...

line protection with impedance relays

Impedance Relays for Fault Detection

Impedance relays help protect power lines by watching the voltage-to-current ratio on a line. They measure the apparent impedance, which is the electrical opposition the relay sees at that point in the system. This makes them useful when time-delay overcurrent relays are hard to coordinate in complex radial systems and when directional overcurrent relays are difficult to use in multi-source transmission loops. These relays respond strongly during a fault. As current rises and voltage falls,...

differential relays

Differential Relay Protection in Power Systems

Differential relays protect generators, buses, and transformers by comparing currents at different points in a power system. When the currents do not match, the relay detects the difference and opens the circuit breaker. Under normal conditions, the current entering a generator, i1, equals the current leaving it, i2. If a fault occurs, these currents become unequal, and the difference current flows through the relay operating coil to trip the relay. An electromechanical differential relay is...

pilot and numeric relaying

Pilot relays and numeric relays help protect power systems. Pilot relaying is a form of differential protection, which compares electrical quantities at equipment terminals through a communication channel instead of a direct relay link. It is especially useful for transmission lines with terminals far apart, often up to 80 km on 69 to 115 kV lines. Pilot relaying can use several communication channels. Pilot wires are separate electrical circuits that operate at DC, 50 to 60 Hz, or audio...

key terms and concepts

Learn how pilot relays compare terminal data, how directional and phase methods detect faults, and how numeric relays improve power system protection.

Pilot Relays and Digital Protection | JoVE K12

JoVE Core Electrical Engineering offers easy-to-understand animated videos that cover fundamental concepts of electric circuits along with circuit analysis techniques. It incorporates first-order and second-order circuits using operational amplifiers and circuit transformation concepts. The inclusion of practical design examples and real-world applications through scientist-in-action videos adds significant educational value, making complex concepts accessible.

electrical engineering

Pilot Relays and Digital Protection

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