Name: wind turbine types and generator control
Uploaded: 2024-11-21T14:54:38.000Z
Duration: 1 min 24 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills

High School

Earth Systems Science

112.49.c.12.

112.49.c.12.E.

Wind Turbine Machine Models

Il existe quatre types d’éoliennes. Les types 1 et 2 sont des modèles de machines à induction, où les enroulements du stator induisent des courants de rotor AC via un mouvement relatif entre le champ magnétique et le rotor.
La différence entre les vitesses synchrones et rotor par unité est quantifiée par le glissement.
Ce modèle comprend une tension équivalente derrière la résistance du stator et la réactance transitoire.
Les conditions initiales de stabilité transitoire sont déterminées en mettant deux équations différentielles à zéro et en utilisant le flux de puissance, l’injection de puissance réelle et la tension terminale comme entrées.
La puissance réactive négative produite indique la consommation d’énergie des machines à induction.
Les turbines de type 1 sont dotées d’un rotor à cage d’écureuil avec une résistance fixe, tandis que les turbines de type 2 utilisent des machines à induction à rotor enroulé avec un système de contrôle pour ajuster la résistance du rotor.
Les éoliennes de type 3, également connues sous le nom de générateurs asynchrones à double alimentation, utilisent des machines à induction à rotor bobiné.
Les enroulements du rotor se connectent au réseau AC via un convertisseur AC-DC-AC, permettant un contrôle séparé de la puissance réelle et réactive.
Les turbines de type 4 utilisent une conception entièrement asynchrone où la sortie de la machine se connecte au réseau AC via un convertisseur AC-DC-AC.

stabilité transitoire et contrôles du système

Dans le domaine en pleine croissance de l'énergie éolienne, il est essentiel d'intégrer les modèles d'éoliennes dans l'analyse de la stabilité transitoire. Les machines à induction et synchrones sont les principaux modèles utilisés, les machines à induction étant prédominantes en raison de leur simplicité et de leur fiabilité.

Les machines à induction interagissent par le biais du champ magnétique rotatif généré par le stator et le rotor. Le paramètre clé est le glissement, qui est la différence entre la vitesse de synchronisme et la vitesse du rotor par rapport à la vitesse de synchronisme. Le glissement est nul à la vitesse de synchronisme, positif en moteur et négatif en générateur. La dynamique mécanique implique la constante d'inertie (H) et la différence de couple (T_m−T_e).

Un modèle électrique simplifié pour une machine à induction à cage unique représente la tension équivalente derrière la résistance du stator et la réactance transitoire. Les paramètres clés comprennent la constante de temps en circuit ouvert pour le rotor et la réactance synchrone dérivée de la réactance de fuite et de la réactance magnétisante.

Le couple électrique et l'injection de puissance réelle aux bornes sont déterminés par les tensions et les courants internes de la machine. Les machines à induction consomment généralement de la puissance réactive, indiquée par une valeur négative.

Les modèles d'éoliennes sont de quatre types différents :

Type 1 et type 2 : ces modèles utilisent des générateurs à induction. Le type 1 a une résistance de rotor fixe, tandis que le type 2 utilise une résistance de rotor variable pour un meilleur contrôle, affectant la constante de temps et la puissance de sortie de la machine.

Type 3 et Type 4 : Ces modèles avancés (générateurs asynchrones à double alimentation et systèmes à convertisseur complet) permettent de contrôler à la fois la puissance réelle et réactive. Le type 3 utilise des convertisseurs pour contrôler le courant du rotor, offrant une large plage de vitesses. Le type 4 découple le générateur du réseau, offrant un contrôle flexible et éliminant le couplage mécanique avec la dynamique de la turbine.

La compréhension des modèles d’éoliennes implique l’analyse de l’interaction des composants électriques et mécaniques pour une analyse de stabilité précise.

Stabilité transitoire et contrôles du système

Il existe quatre types d’éoliennes. Les types 1 et 2 sont des modèles de machines à induction, où les enroulements du stator induisent des courants de rotor AC via un mouvement relatif ...

Education

Enseignement

JoVE Core

Electrical Engineering

Génie électrique

Unit 1

Unité 1

Transient Stability and System Controls

Stabilité transitoire et commandes du système

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

TERMES ET CONCEPTS CLÉS

wind turbine types and generator control

Wind turbine machine models are used to study how wind turbines behave in transient stability analysis. In this setting, induction machines and synchronous machines are the main model types. Induction machines are common because they are simple and reliable.

Induction machines work through the rotating magnetic field made by the stator and rotor. A key term is slip, which is the difference between synchronous speed and rotor speed relative to synchronous speed. Slip is zero at synchronous speed, positive during motoring, and negative during generating.

The mechanical side of the model uses the inertia constant, H, and the torque difference between mechanical torque, Tm, and electrical torque, Te. A simplified single-cage induction machine model shows an equivalent voltage behind stator resistance and transient reactance. Other important parameters include the rotor open-circuit time constant and the synchronous reactance, which comes from leakage reactance and magnetizing reactance.

Electrical torque and terminal real power injection depend on the machine’s internal voltages and currents. Induction machines usually consume reactive power, so this value is negative. Wind turbine models are grouped into four types, and each type handles control in a different way.

Type 1 and Type 2 models use induction generators. Type 1 has fixed rotor resistance. Type 2 uses variable rotor resistance, which improves control and changes the machine time constant and power output. Type 3 and Type 4 are more advanced. Type 3 is a doubly-fed asynchronous generator that uses converters to control rotor current and supports a wide speed range. Type 4 is a full converter system that decouples the generator from the grid, gives flexible real and reactive power control, and removes the mechanical link to turbine dynamics.

Wind Turbine Types and Generator Control

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Generator Rotor Motion and the Swing Equation

Generator rotor motion is described by the Swing Equation in power system dynamics. It is used to study generating units such as three-phase synchronous generators. The equation comes from Newton’s second law applied to the generator rotor. It links inertia, angular acceleration, and the balance between mechanical and electrical torques. In steady-state operation, the mechanical torque supplied to the generator is equal to the electrical torque produced by the generator. When these torques...

simplified synchronous machine model

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wind turbine machine models

Wind turbine machine models are used to study how wind turbines behave in transient stability analysis. In this setting, induction machines and synchronous machines are the main model types. Induction machines are common because they are simple and reliable. Induction machines work through the rotating magnetic field made by the stator and rotor. A key term is slip, which is the difference between synchronous speed and rotor speed relative to synchronous speed. Slip is zero at synchronous...

generator voltage control

Voltage Regulation in Generators and Wind Turbines

Generator voltage regulation helps keep synchronous generators and wind turbines working stably. Older systems use a DC generator driven by the rotor to supply DC power to the rotor field winding. That power is passed through slip rings and brushes. Newer systems use static exciters or brushless exciters. A static exciter rectifies AC power from the generator terminals and sends DC power directly to the rotor. A brushless exciter uses an inverted synchronous generator, takes AC power from...

turbine-governor control

How Turbine Governors Stabilize Power Output

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load-frequency control

Load-frequency control in power grids

Load-frequency control keeps a power grid stable when electrical demand changes. It helps keep system frequency and power flow within acceptable limits. Turbine-governor control reduces rotor speed changes after a load shift, but a steady-state frequency error can still remain when the turbine-governor reference setting does not change. In an interconnected power system, each area agrees to export or import a scheduled amount of power through tie-lines, which are the transmission lines that...

key terms and concepts

Learn how wind turbine models use induction and synchronous machines, slip, torque, and converter control to explain Types 1–4 and grid behavior.

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Wind Turbine Types and Generator Control

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