Name: prokaryotic cell storage inclusions
Uploaded: 2025-06-12T09:31:19.000Z
Duration: 1 min 27 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Virginia  Standards of Learning

HIgh School

Biology

BIO.4

BIO.4.c

Cell Inclusions

Les inclusions sont des structures intracellulaires qui servent de sites de stockage pour les nutriments, les sous-produits métaboliques ou d’autres composés.L’excès de carbone est souvent stocké sous forme de granules d’acide poly-β-hydroxybutyrique, composés de polymères lipidiques, ou de granules de glycogène. Ces formes de stockage servent de réservoirs de carbone et de sources d’énergie rapides en cas de besoin.Les granules métachromatiques, ou volutine, sont des granules de polyphosphate que l’on trouve couramment dans Corynebacterium. Ces granules stockent du phosphate inorganique pour la synthèse des acides nucléiques et de l’ATP.Les globules de soufre, une réserve d’énergie pour les bactéries oxydantes de soufre telles que les thiobacilles, stockent le soufre élémentaire.Certaines cyanobactéries produisent des carboxysomes, contenant des enzymes comme la RuBisCO, qui facilitent la fixation du dioxyde de carbone.Les vacuoles de gaz sont des structures creuses remplies d’air qui permettent aux bactéries aquatiques et aux archées de maintenir leur flottabilité, optimisant ainsi l’accès à la lumière et aux nutriments.Les magnétosomes, composés de magnétite ou de greigite, se trouvent dans des bactéries telles que Magnetospirillum magnetotacticticum. Ils alignent les bactéries aquatiques sur le champ magnétique terrestre et les guident vers le bas vers les zones anaérobies à faible concentration d’oxygène.

inclusions cellulaires

Les cellules procaryotes poss&#232;dent une vari&#233;t&#233; d&#8217;inclusions jouant des r&#244;les essentiels dans le stockage des nutriments, les processus m&#233;taboliques et l&#8217;adaptation &#224; l&#8217;environnement. Ces structures permettent aux bact&#233;ries de survivre dans des conditions environnementales fluctuantes en stockant des ressources essentielles et en optimisant leur efficacit&#233; m&#233;tabolique.
Stockage du carbone : granules d&#8217;acide poly-&#946;-hydroxybutyrique et de glycog&#232;ne
Les bact&#233;ries stockent fr&#233;quemment l&#8217;exc&#232;s de carbone sous forme de granules sp&#233;cialis&#233;s. Les granules d&#8217;acide poly-&#946;-hydroxybutyrique (PHB) sont des polym&#232;res lipidiques servant de r&#233;serve de carbone et d&#8217;&#233;nergie &#224; long terme. Ces granules constituent une source d&#8217;&#233;nergie que les bact&#233;ries peuvent m&#233;taboliser en cas de carence nutritionnelle. De plus, les granules de glycog&#232;ne, constitu&#233;s de polym&#232;res de glycog&#232;ne hautement ramifi&#233;s, offrent une source d&#8217;&#233;nergie rapidement mobilisable. La structure ramifi&#233;e du glycog&#232;ne permet un acc&#232;s enzymatique efficace, facilitant une lib&#233;ration rapide de l&#8217;&#233;nergie lorsque n&#233;cessaire.
Les granules d&#8217;acide poly-&#946;-hydroxybutyrique (PHB) pr&#233;sentent plusieurs applications industrielles en raison de leur r&#244;le dans la production de plastiques biod&#233;gradables. Le PHB est un polyhydroxyalcanoate (PHA) qui constitue une alternative aux plastiques d&#233;riv&#233;s du p&#233;trole. Il est appr&#233;ci&#233; pour sa biocompatibilit&#233;, sa non-toxicit&#233; et sa d&#233;gradabilit&#233; compl&#232;te dans l&#8217;environnement.
Granules m&#233;tachromatiques : r&#233;serves de polyphosphate
Les granules m&#233;tachromatiques, &#233;galement appel&#233;s volutines, sont des d&#233;p&#244;ts intracellulaires de polyphosphate inorganique. Le terme &#171; m&#233;tachromatique &#187; fait r&#233;f&#233;rence &#224; leur propri&#233;t&#233; de se colorer d&#8217;une teinte diff&#233;rente (meta) de celle du colorant appliqu&#233;, en raison de leur forte teneur en phosphate. Ces granules sont &#233;galement d&#233;sign&#233;s sous le nom de &#171; volutines &#187; car ils ont &#233;t&#233; observ&#233;s pour la premi&#232;re fois chez Spirillum volutans. Fr&#233;quemment observ&#233;s chez des genres tels que Corynebacterium, ces granules servent de r&#233;servoirs de phosphate, un composant essentiel &#224; la synth&#232;se des acides nucl&#233;iques et de l&#8217;ATP. Cette strat&#233;gie de stockage soutient la croissance et la reproduction bact&#233;rienne en p&#233;riode de carence en phosphate.
Globules de soufre : stockage du soufre &#233;l&#233;mentaire
Les globules de soufre sont pr&#233;dominants chez les bact&#233;ries oxydant le soufre, telles que le Thiobacillus. Ces inclusions stockent le soufre &#233;l&#233;mentaire d&#233;riv&#233; de l&#8217;oxydation de compos&#233;s soufr&#233;s r&#233;duits, tels que le sulfure d&#8217;hydrog&#232;ne ou le thiosulfate, et fonctionnent comme r&#233;serve d&#8217;&#233;nergie facilement accessible. Ce soufre stock&#233; peut &#234;tre oxyd&#233; davantage en sulfate lors de besoins &#233;nerg&#233;tiques, contribuant ainsi au m&#233;tabolisme cellulaire bact&#233;rien. Ce processus fournit non seulement de l&#8217;&#233;nergie, mais joue &#233;galement un r&#244;le dans le cycle du soufre dans l&#8217;environnement, illustrant l&#8217;importance &#233;cologique de ces inclusions.
Carboxysomes : fixation du carbone
Les cyanobact&#233;ries et certaines autres procaryotes autotrophes produisent des carboxysomes, microcompartiments prot&#233;iques contenant la ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxyg&#233;nase (RuBisCO). Ces inclusions facilitent la fixation du dioxyde de carbone en concentrant le CO_2 et en augmentant l&#8217;efficacit&#233; de la RuBisCO, une adaptation cruciale pour les organismes photosynth&#233;tiques dans des environnements pauvres en CO_2.
Vacuoles gazeuses : r&#233;gulation de la flottabilit&#233;
Les vacuoles gazeuses, pr&#233;sentes chez les bact&#233;ries et arch&#233;es aquatiques, sont des structures creuses tapiss&#233;es de prot&#233;ines qui r&#233;gulent la flottabilit&#233;. En ajustant leur position dans la colonne d&#8217;eau, ces organismes optimisent leur acc&#232;s &#224; la lumi&#232;re et aux nutriments. Cette adaptation est particuli&#232;rement vitale pour les bact&#233;ries aquatiques et photosynth&#233;tiques vivant dans des eaux stratifi&#233;es.
Magn&#233;tosomes : aides &#224; la navigation
Les magn&#233;tosomes sont des inclusions d&#233;limit&#233;es par une membrane contenant des oxydes de fer (par exemple la magn&#233;tite) ou de la gr&#233;gite. Ces structures sont courantes chez des bact&#233;ries telles que Magnetospirillum magnetotacticum. En s&#8217;alignant sur le champ magn&#233;tique terrestre, les magn&#233;tosomes guident les bact&#233;ries vers des zones pauvres en oxyg&#232;ne ou ana&#233;robies, plus favorables &#224; leur m&#233;tabolisme. Ce syst&#232;me de navigation magn&#233;tique illustre les adaptations sp&#233;cialis&#233;es des cellules procaryotes &#224; leurs niches &#233;cologiques.
En r&#233;sum&#233;, les inclusions procaryotes sont des structures multifonctionnelles qui permettent aux bact&#233;ries de stocker efficacement les nutriments, de r&#233;guler leurs interactions environnementales et d&#8217;optimiser leurs processus m&#233;taboliques. Ces adaptations illustrent la remarquable polyvalence et la r&#233;silience des formes de vie procaryotes.

Inclusions cellulaires

Les cellules procaryotes poss&#232;dent une vari&#233;t&#233; d&#8217;inclusions jouant des r&#244;les essentiels dans le stockage des nutriments, les ...

Education

Enseignement

JoVE Core

Microbiology

Microbiologie

Unit

Unité

Microbial Cell Structure and Function        

Structure et fonction des cellules microbiennes

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

TERMES ET CONCEPTS CLÉS

prokaryotic cell storage inclusions

Prokaryotic cell storage inclusions help bacteria store nutrients, manage energy, and adapt to changing environments. These inclusions let cells survive when food, phosphate, sulfur, light, or oxygen levels change. They are important examples of how simple cells can still have highly specialized structures.

Some inclusions store carbon. Poly-β-hydroxybutyric acid, or PHB, forms granules that act as a long-term carbon and energy reserve. Glycogen granules also store carbon, but they provide a faster energy source because glycogen is highly branched and enzymes can access it quickly.

PHB has another important role outside the cell. It is a polyhydroxyalkanoate, or PHA, and is used to make biodegradable plastics. It is valued because it is biocompatible, non-toxic, and fully degradable in the environment.

Other inclusions store phosphate. Metachromatic granules, also called volutin, are deposits of inorganic polyphosphate. They were first observed in Spirillum volutans, and they are common in bacteria such as Corynebacterium. These granules stain a different color than the dye used because of their high phosphate content, and they provide phosphate for nucleic acids and ATP.

Sulfur globules store elemental sulfur in sulfur-oxidizing bacteria such as Thiobacillus. The sulfur comes from oxidized reduced sulfur compounds like hydrogen sulfide or thiosulfate. The stored sulfur can be oxidized further to sulfate when the cell needs energy, and this also helps sulfur move through the environment.

Some prokaryotes use inclusions for carbon fixation and movement. Cyanobacteria and other autotrophic prokaryotes make carboxysomes, which are protein-based microcompartments that contain RuBisCO. These structures concentrate CO2 and help RuBisCO work better, especially when CO2 is low. Gas vacuoles are hollow, protein-lined structures in aquatic bacteria and archaea that control buoyancy, so the cells can stay where light and nutrients are available.

Magnetosomes help bacteria navigate. These membrane-bound inclusions contain iron oxides such as magnetite or greigite. In bacteria like Magnetospirillum magnetotacticum, magnetosomes align with Earth’s magnetic field and guide cells toward low-oxygen or anaerobic zones that better fit their metabolism. Together, these inclusions show how prokaryotic cells store resources, sense their surroundings, and live successfully in many habitats.

Prokaryotic Cell Storage Inclusions

prokaryotic vs. eukaryotic cells

Cell Organization in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells show two major patterns of cell organization. These differences shape the structure, size, and function of living things across the domains of life. Prokaryotic cells, such as bacteria and archaea, are simple in structure. They do not have a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles. Their DNA is usually a single circular molecule found in the nucleoid region, which is not surrounded by a nuclear membrane. Prokaryotes are usually very small, about 0.1 to 5.0...

microbial morphologies 

Microbial Shapes and Cell Forms

Microbial shapes and cell forms help bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotic microbes survive in many environments. Cell shape affects how these organisms grow, take up nutrients, and handle waste. It also reflects the link between structure and function. Among bacteria, cocci and bacilli are the most common shapes. Cocci are spherical cells, and they may appear alone or in pairs called diplococci, chains called streptococci, clusters called staphylococci, or groups of four called tetrads. Bacilli...

bacterial cell wall 

Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Walls

Bacterial cell walls give bacteria their shape and help protect them from osmotic stress. This rigid but flexible layer surrounds the plasma membrane and supports cellular integrity. Its main building block is peptidoglycan, a mesh-like polymer that adds strength while still allowing some flexibility. Peptidoglycan is made of alternating N-acetylglucosamine, or NAG, and N-acetylmuramic acid, or NAM. Short amino acid chains connect these sugar units and help form the strong network. The...

archaeal cell wall

Archaeal Cell Wall Types and Functions

Archaeal cell walls protect archaea and help them survive in extreme environments. Unlike bacterial cell walls, they do not have the peptidoglycan layer found in most bacteria. Instead, archaea use a range of materials, including proteins, polysaccharides, and pseudomurein, to build their outer layer. The most common archaeal cell wall is the S-layer, or surface layer. It is made of tightly packed protein or glycoprotein units that form a crystalline lattice. These repeating patterns can make...

peptidoglycan synthesis

Building the Bacterial Cell Wall

Peptidoglycan builds the bacterial cell wall and gives the cell its shape and strength. It is a mesh-like polymer around the bacterial plasma membrane. The polymer is made of repeating sugar units, N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) and N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM), linked by β-1,4 glycosidic bonds. Short peptide chains cross-link the sugar chains and make the wall more rigid. Peptidoglycan biosynthesis starts in the cytoplasm with soluble precursors. Uridine diphosphate, or UDP, binds to NAG and NAM to...

plasma membrane in bacteria and archaea

Bacterial vs Archaeal Membrane Lipids

Bacterial and archaeal plasma membranes control what enters and leaves the cell. They also help maintain cell integrity. Although both membranes do the same basic job, their structures are different because bacteria and archaea face different environmental demands. Bacterial plasma membranes are mainly made of phospholipids. These lipids have fatty acid chains linked to a glycerol backbone by ester bonds. They form a bilayer, with hydrophilic glycerol-phosphate heads facing outward and...

outer layers of the cell envelope

Capsules, Slime Layers, and S-Layers

Capsules, slime layers, and S-layers are outer coverings on prokaryotic cells. These layers help bacteria and archaea survive, attach to surfaces, and interact with their environment. They are often made of polysaccharides, polypeptides, proteins, or glycoproteins. Capsules are tightly bound and highly organized layers that stick firmly to the bacterial cell wall. They are usually made of polysaccharides, although some are made of polypeptides. A capsule protects cells from dehydration and can...

flagella and motility in bacteria

Bacterial Flagella as Tiny Rotary Motors

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fimbriae, pili, and axial filaments

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cell inclusions

Prokaryotic cell storage inclusions help bacteria store nutrients, manage energy, and adapt to changing environments. These inclusions let cells survive when food, phosphate, sulfur, light, or oxygen levels change. They are important examples of how simple cells can still have highly specialized structures. Some inclusions store carbon. Poly-β-hydroxybutyric acid, or PHB, forms granules that act as a long-term carbon and energy reserve. Glycogen granules also store carbon, but they provide a...

endospores and sporulation

How Bacteria Survive with Endospores

Endospores help some bacteria survive harsh conditions. These dormant cells are made mainly by Gram-positive bacteria such as Bacillus and Clostridium. They are highly resistant to heat, ultraviolet and ionizing radiation, drying, and toxic chemicals. In rare cases, endospore-like structures have also been seen in some Gram-negative bacteria, including Coxiella burnetii and Sporosarcina ureae, as well as in other species exposed to extreme conditions. Sporulation begins when bacteria face...

nucleoid

How Prokaryotes Organize DNA

Prokaryotes organize their DNA in the nucleoid, a distinct region where genetic material and associated proteins are packed. Because prokaryotic cells do not have a membrane-bound nucleus, the nucleoid helps keep DNA organized and available for cell activities. In most bacteria and archaea, the DNA is a single, circular, double-stranded molecule that is tightly compacted by supercoiling and protein interactions. Nucleoid-associated proteins, or NAPs, help shape and maintain this DNA region.

surface appendages of archaea

Archaeal Pili and Archaella in Action

Archaeal pili and archaella help archaea survive, attach, and move in challenging environments. These surface appendages support adhesion, biofilm formation, and motility. They give archaeal cells key advantages in habitats that can be extreme. Pili are filament-like structures made from pilin protein subunits. Their main role is adhesion, which means helping cells stick to surfaces. They also support biofilm formation, where cells live in a shared, surface-attached community. Some pili are...

key terms and concepts

Learn how prokaryotic cell inclusions store carbon, phosphate, and sulfur, support carbon fixation, control buoyancy, and guide bacteria with magnetosomes.

Prokaryotic Cell Storage Inclusions | JoVE K12

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Prokaryotic Cell Storage Inclusions

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