Name: interphase in the cell growth cycle
Uploaded: 2019-03-11T09:21:14.000Z
Duration: 54 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

north-carolina-k-12-science-standard-course-of-study

North Carolina K-12 Science Standard Course of Study

9-12

Biology

from-molecules-to-organisms-structures-and-processes

From Molecules to Organisms- Structures and Processes

LS.Bio.2.1

Interphase

בתאים אאוקריוטים, החלק הגדול ביותר של מחזור התא הוא הממשק, אשר מחולק לשלושה שלבים, G1, S ו-G2. ב G1, השלב הראשון, תא בת שנוצרה כעת גדלה לגודל הנכון ומתכוננת לשכפול דנ"א בשלב הבא. עכשיו, ב-S, שלב הסינתזה, תאים משכפלים את ה-DNA הגרעיני שלהם אשר נשאר ארוז כמו הכרומטין.תאים משכפלים גם את הסנטרוסום, את המבנה המיקרו בארגון, אשר מהווים את מנגנון ציר מיטוטי. לבסוף, ב-G2, שלב הפער השני, תאים ממשיכים לגדול, ומכפילים את החלבונים הנדרשים בשביל מיטוזה, ועל מנת לחדש את מאגרי האנרגיה שלהם. התא מוכן עכשיו להיכנס לשלב הראשון של המיטוזה.

שפר, ק. א. "מחזור התא: סקירה". פתולוגיה וטרינרית 35, מס '6 (1 בנובמבר 1998): 461-78. [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1177/030098589803500601" target="__blank">Source</a>]

אינטרפאזה

<div style="direction:rtl">מחזור התא מתרחש על פני כ-24 שעות (בתא אנושי טיפוסי) ובשני שלבים נפרדים: אינטרפאזה, הכולל שלושה שלבים של מחזור התא (G1, S ו-G2), ומיטוזה (M). במהלך אינטרפאזה, שתופסת כ-95 אחוזים ממשך מחזור התא האוקריוטי, תאים גדלים ומשכפלים את ה-DNA שלהם כהכנה למיטוזה. <h4>שלבים של אינטרפאזה</h4> לאחר כל תקופה של מיטוזה וציטוקינזיה, תאים איקריוטים נכנסים לאינטרפאזה, שבמהלכה הם גדלים ומשכפלים את ה-DNA שלהם כהכנה לחלוקה המיטוטית הבאה. במהלך שלב G1 (פער 1), תאים גדלים ברציפות ומתכוננים לשכפול DNA. בשלב זה, התאים פעילים מבחינה מטבולית ומעתיקים אברונים חיוניים ומולקולות ביוכימיות, כגון חלבונים. בשלב ה-S (סינתזה) העוקב של האינטרפאזה, תאים משכפלים את ה-DNA הגרעיני שלהם, שנשאר ארוז בכרומטין מעובה למחצה. במהלך שלב S, התאים גם משכפלים את הצנטרוזום, מבנה מארגן מיקרוטובלוי היוצר את מנגנון הציר המיטוטי. הציר המיטוטי מפריד בין כרומוזומים במהלך מיטוזה. בשלב G2 (פער 2), העוקב אחרי סינתזת ה-DNA, תאים ממשיכים לגדול ולסנתז חלבונים ואברונים כדי להתכונן למיטוזה. בתאים אנושיים, שלב ה-G1 נמשך כ-11 שעות, שלב ה-S אורך כ-8 שעות, ושלב ה-G2 נמשך כ-4 שעות. במהלך G1, התאים הם דיפלואידים (2n, זוג מכל כרומוזום). בעקבות שכפול בשלב S, תאים מגדילים את תכולת ה-DNA שלהם ל-4n. תאים נשארים 4n עד ציטוקינזיה, ואז תכולת ה-DNA שלהם מצטמצמת ל-2n.</div>

מחזור התא מתרחש במשך כ -24 שעות (בתא אנושי טיפוסי) ובשני שלבים נפרדים: אינטרפאזה, הכוללת שלושה שלבים של ...

Education

JoVE Core

ביולוגיה

Cellular Processes

תהליכים תאיים

Cell Cycle and Division

מחזור התא והחלוקה

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

מונחים ומושגים מרכזיים

interphase in the cell growth cycle

Interphase is the stage of the cell cycle when a eukaryotic cell grows and copies its DNA before mitosis. In a typical human cell, the full cell cycle takes about 24 hours, and interphase makes up about 95 percent of that time. It is followed by mitosis, also called M, when the cell divides.

After mitosis and cytokinesis, cells enter the G1 phase, or gap 1. During G1, cells grow continuously and prepare for DNA replication. They are metabolically active and copy essential organelles and biochemical molecules, including proteins.

The next stage is S phase, or synthesis phase. In this phase, the cell duplicates its nuclear DNA, which stays packed in semi-condensed chromatin. The centrosome is also duplicated. This microtubule-organizing structure helps form the mitotic spindle, which separates chromosomes during mitosis.

After DNA synthesis, the cell enters G2, or gap 2. During G2, cells keep growing and make more proteins and organelles to prepare for mitosis. In human cells, G1 lasts about 11 hours, S phase about 8 hours, and G2 about 4 hours.

The DNA content of the cell also changes during interphase. In G1, cells are diploid, or 2n, with one pair of each chromosome. After DNA replication in S phase, the DNA content rises to 4n. Cells stay at 4n until cytokinesis, when the DNA content returns to 2n.

Interphase in the Cell Growth Cycle

what is the cell cycle?

Cell Cycle Checkpoints and Cancer

The cell cycle is the set of steps a eukaryotic cell follows as it grows and divides. In somatic cells, it has two main stages: interphase and the mitotic phase. During interphase, the cell grows, carries out its basic metabolic functions, copies its DNA, and gets ready for mitotic cell division. After interphase, the cell enters mitosis and cytokinesis. Mitosis divides the nuclear material, and cytokinesis divides the cytoplasm. These steps produce two daughter cells that are identical to the...

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binary fission

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genomic dna in eukaryotes

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Eukaryotic DNA fits inside the nucleus by packing into a highly compact form. Eukaryotes have large genomes compared with prokaryotes, so their DNA must be tightly organized to fit inside one cell. The process starts when DNA wraps around proteins called histones. These DNA-histone units form nucleosomes, which are connected by linker DNA. The nucleosomes then coil into chromatin fibers, and additional fibrous proteins compact the chromatin even more. This packed material is called chromatin,...

interphase

Interphase is the stage of the cell cycle when a eukaryotic cell grows and copies its DNA before mitosis. In a typical human cell, the full cell cycle takes about 24 hours, and interphase makes up about 95 percent of that time. It is followed by mitosis, also called M, when the cell divides. After mitosis and cytokinesis, cells enter the G1 phase, or gap 1. During G1, cells grow continuously and prepare for DNA replication. They are metabolically active and copy essential organelles and...

mitosis and cytokinesis

Cell Cycle Stages in Mitosis

Cell cycle stages in mitosis show how a eukaryotic cell copies its DNA and then divides into two daughter cells. The cycle is controlled by regulatory systems and by outside signals that affect cell growth and division. In typical human cells, the full cycle takes about 24 hours and includes two major phases. The first is DNA replication during the S phase of interphase. The second is the mitotic, or M, phase, which includes mitosis and cytokinesis. G1 and G2 are the gap stages between these...

positive regulator molecules

Cyclins and CDKs in the Cell Cycle

Cyclins and CDKs help control the cell cycle, the process that produces daughter cells. Cells use internal checkpoints to make sure their size, energy reserves, and DNA are ready before they move forward. At these checkpoints, positive regulators help the cell continue, while negative regulators slow or stop it. The main positive regulators are cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases, or CDKs. These proteins are found in eukaryotes, from yeast to humans. Cyclins are grouped by the stage they help...

negative regulator molecules

Cell Cycle Stop Signals: p53, p21, and Rb

Cell cycle stop signals help control when a cell can move forward through division. Negative regulators pause or end the cell cycle until the cell meets the right conditions. Three well-studied negative regulators are p53, p21, and retinoblastoma protein, or Rb. Their roles became clear after faulty versions were found in cancer cells that kept replicating uncontrollably. These proteins act mostly at the G1 checkpoint, which comes early in the cell cycle. P53 has a strong effect on whether a...

cancer

Cancer Treatment, Personalization, and Cell Growth

Cancer develops when mutations affect genes that control cell division. Those changes can remove the normal brakes on growth and lead to uncontrolled cell proliferation. Modern science and medicine have improved how cancer is understood and treated, and some patients can now be cured. There is still no single cure for cancer because cancer is not one disease. It is a large group of many diseases. Even when two people have the same mutation in an oncogene or a tumor suppressor gene, their...

key terms and concepts

Follow the three stages of interphase—G1, S, and G2—and see how cells grow, copy DNA, and prepare for mitosis in the human cell cycle.

Interphase in the Cell Growth Cycle | JoVE K12

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Interphase in the Cell Growth Cycle

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