Name: rest and digest: parasympathetic control
Uploaded: 2019-03-11T09:21:26.000Z
Duration: 1 min 14 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Next Generation Science Standards

High School

Life Science

from-molecules-to-organisms-structures-and-processes

From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes

HS-LS1-2

The Parasympathetic Nervous System

מערכת העצבים הפאראסימפתטית משקמת את הגוף בזמן מנוחה כאשר אין איומים, ולעיתים קרובות מכונה גם מערכת המנוחה והעיכול. היא אחת מתת-המערכות הגדולות של מערכת העצבים האוטונומית, אשר שולטת בתפקודים לא רצוניים על ידי הסדרת הפעילות של שריר חלק באיברים הקרביים, של שריר לב בתוך הלב, ובבלוטות מסוימות כגון בלוטות הרוק. כאשר מערכת העצבים הפאראסימפתטית מופעלת, אותות של נוירונים פרה-גנגליוניים בגזע המוח ובאזור העָצֶה של חוט השדרה נשלחים אל גנגליה, צבירים של גופי תא עצב במערכת העצבים ההיקפית ליד האיברים או הבלוטות הנשלטים.כאן, המסר מועבר לנוירונים פוסט-גנגליוניים, שבדרך כלל משתמשים במוליך עצבי אצטילכולין כדי להסדיר את פעילות רקמות היעד. לדוגמה, הם מורידים את קצב הלב, מרגיעים את הגוף, ומעוררים התכווצות שרירים במעיים ובשלפוחית השתן, ל‫קידום עיכול והפרשה. כתוצאה מכך, מערכת פאראסימפתטית עוזרת לבנות מחדש מאגרי אנרגיה ולתחזק הומאוסטאזיס כאשר הגוף מסוגל לנוח.

סטיוארט, ג'וליאן מ. "תסמונות נפוצות של אי סבילות אורתוסטטית". רפואת ילדים 131, מס '5 (מאי 2013): 968-80. [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2012-2610" target="__blank">מקור</a>]

מערכת העצבים הפאראסימפתטית

<div style="direction:rtl"><h4>סקירה כללית</h4> מערכת העצבים הפאראסימפתטית היא אחת משתי החטיבות העיקריות של מערכת העצבים האוטונומית. מערכת פאראסימפתטית זו אחראית על ויסות תפקודים לא מודעים רבים, כמו דופק ועיכול. היא מורכבת מנוירונים הממוקמים הן במוח והן במערכת העצבים ההיקפית ושולחים את האקסונים שלהם לכוון שרירים, איברים ובלוטות. <h4>מערכת מנוחה ועיכול</h4> הפעלת המערכת הפאראסימפתטית נוטה להיות בעלת השפעה מרגיעה על הגוף, מקדמת תפקודים הממלאים את המשאבים ומשחזרים הומאוסטזיס. לכן היא מכונה לפעמים מערכת המנוחה והעיכול. המערכת הפאראסימפתטית שולטת בזמנים רגועים שבהם בטוח להקדיש משאבים לתפקודי משק בית בסיסיים ללא איום של התקפה או פגיעה. <h4>שליטה על המערכת הפאראסימפתטית</h4> מערכת העצבים הפאראסימפתטית יכולה להיות מופעלת על ידי חלקים שונים במוח, כולל ההיפותלמוס. נוירונים פרה-גנגליונים בגזע המוח ובחלק הקודש של חוט השדרה שולחים תחילה את האקסונים שלהם אל צבירי גנגליונים של גופי תאים עצביים במערכת העצבים ההיקפית. גנגליונים אלה מכילים את הקשרים בין נוירונים פרה-ופוסט-גנגליונים וממוקמים ליד האיברים או הבלוטות שהם שולטים בהם. מכאן, נוירונים פוסט-גנגליוניים שולחים את האקסונים שלהם אל רקמות המטרה בדרך כלל שריר חלק, שריר לב או בלוטות. בדרך כלל, המוליך העצבי אצטילכולין משמש לוויסות הפעילות של מטרות אלו. הפעלת המערכת הפאראסימפתטית גורמת למגוון השפעות על הגוף. היא מורידה את קצב הלב וגורמת לאישונים להתכווץ ומחזירה את הגוף למצב רגוע יותר. היא גם ממריצה את העיכול וההפרשה, למשל, על ידי קידום ריור, התכווצויות פריסטלטיות בקיבה ובמעיים, והתכווצות שלפוחית השתן להוצאת שתן. היא עוזרת לבנות מחדש מאגרי אנרגיה על ידי גרימת הלבלב להפריש יותר אינסולין. לבסוף, היא אפילו מקדמת רבייה על ידי הגברת זרימת הדם לאיברי המין. <h4>עמידה</h4> השליטה בקצב הלב ובזרימת הדם חיונית אפילו למשימות שגרתיות כמו קימה. אנשים הסובלים מאי סבילות אורתוסטטית (OI) יכולים לחוות סחרחורת כרונית והתעלפות מהפעולה הפשוטה של כניסה ליציבה זקופה, הנקראת אורתוסטזיס. מערכת העצבים האוטונומית שולטת בשינויים הדרושים בכלי הדם ובקצב הלב כאשר אנו מבצעים אורתוסטזיס. בפרט, המערכת הפאראסימפתטית אחראית לאותות המאפשרים הרחבת כלי דם את הרפיית השרירים סביב ציפוי כלי הדם של עורקי המוח. איתות לא תקין על ידי מערכת העצבים הפאראסימפתטית עלול לגרום לאובדן הכרה עקב זרימת דם לא מספקת למוח.</div>

סקירה

מערכת העצבים הפאראסימפתטית היא אחת משתי החטיבות העיקריות של מערכת העצבים האוטונומית. מערכת פאראסימפתטית זו אחראית ...

Education

JoVE Core

Biology

ביולוגיה

Human Biology

ביולוגיה אנושית

Nervous System

מערכת העצבים

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

מונחים ומושגים מרכזיים

rest and digest: parasympathetic control

The parasympathetic nervous system helps the body stay calm and return to a rested state. It is one of the two major divisions of the autonomic nervous system, which controls many unconscious functions such as heart rate and digestion. Its neurons are found in the brain and the peripheral nervous system, and they send axons to muscles, organs, and glands.

This system is often called the “rest and digest” system because it supports body processes that restore homeostasis. It is most active during calm times, when the body can focus on basic housekeeping functions instead of responding to danger. In this state, the body can use resources for recovery and maintenance.

The parasympathetic nervous system can be activated by parts of the brain, including the hypothalamus. Preganglionic neurons in the brainstem and sacral spinal cord send axons to ganglia, which are clusters of neuronal cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system. These ganglia lie near the organs or glands they control, where they link preganglionic and postganglionic neurons.

Postganglionic neurons then carry signals to target tissues, which are usually smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, or glands. The neurotransmitter acetylcholine is typically used to control these targets. When this system is active, heart rate decreases, pupils constrict, digestion and excretion increase, and the pancreas releases more insulin to help rebuild energy stores. It also increases blood flow to the genitals, which supports reproduction.

This control system is also important during standing up. People with orthostatic intolerance, or OI, can feel lightheaded or faint when they move into an upright posture, a change called orthostasis. The autonomic nervous system adjusts heart rate and blood vessels during this shift, and the parasympathetic system helps signals that allow vasodilation, or widening of the cerebral arteries. If this signaling does not work properly, the brain may not get enough blood, which can cause loss of consciousness.

Rest and Digest: Parasympathetic Control

what is a nervous system?

Nervous System Parts and Control

The nervous system is a network of specialized cells that keeps the body working and helps it respond to the world around it. It controls essential functions such as heart rate and breathing. It also supports movement that helps an organism escape danger. In vertebrates, the nervous system has two major parts: the central nervous system, or CNS, and the peripheral nervous system, or PNS. The CNS includes the brain, spinal cord, and retina, which is the sensory tissue of the visual system. The...

the parasympathetic nervous system

The parasympathetic nervous system helps the body stay calm and return to a rested state. It is one of the two major divisions of the autonomic nervous system, which controls many unconscious functions such as heart rate and digestion. Its neurons are found in the brain and the peripheral nervous system, and they send axons to muscles, organs, and glands. This system is often called the “rest and digest” system because it supports body processes that restore homeostasis. It is most active...

the sympathetic nervous system

Sympathetic Stress Response and Body Changes

The sympathetic nervous system helps the body respond to stress and danger. It is one of the two main divisions of the autonomic nervous system. When it turns on, it prepares the body for action and puts lower-priority functions, such as digestion, on hold. This response is often called the fight-or-flight system. A surprise exam can trigger it, and students may notice a tight stomach, a dry mouth, and a fast heartbeat. In a real threat, the system shifts blood away from the digestive system...

the blood-brain barrier

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glial cells

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long-term potentiation

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the synapse

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Neurons communicate through synapses, the points where two neurons meet to pass on signals. At a synapse, the sending neuron is the presynaptic cell, and the receiving neuron is the postsynaptic cell. Most neurons can serve in both roles because they send and receive information. Electrical synapses move signals directly between cells. The presynaptic and postsynaptic cells are linked by gap junctions, which are proteins that physically connect them. This type of synapse can pass electrical...

key terms and concepts

Learn how the parasympathetic nervous system slows heart rate, supports digestion, and helps the body adjust when standing up.

Rest and Digest: Parasympathetic Control | JoVE K12

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Globular and Fibrous Proteins

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Construct an explanation based on evidence for how the structure of DNA determines the structure of proteins, which carry out the essential functions of life through systems of specialized cells. [Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include identification of specific cell or tissue types, whole body systems, specific protein structures and functions, or the biochemistry of protein synthesis.]

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Overview

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Develop and use a model to illustrate the hierarchical organization of interacting systems that provide specific functions within multicellular organisms. [Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on functions at the organism system level such as nutrient uptake, water delivery, and organism movement in response to neural stimuli. An example of an interacting system could be an artery depending on the proper function of elastic tissue and smooth muscle to regulate and deliver the proper amount of blood within the circulatory system.] [Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include interactions and functions at the molecular or chemical reaction level.]

What is Homeostasis?

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Negative and Positive Feedback

Homeostatic Imbalance

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Plan and conduct an investigation to provide evidence that feedback mechanisms maintain homeostasis. [Clarification Statement: Examples of investigations could include heart rate response to exercise, stomate response to moisture and temperature, and root development in response to water levels.] [Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include the cellular processes involved in the feedback mechanism.]

HS-LS1-3

Rest and Digest: Parasympathetic Control

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