Name: in-group bias and scapegoating
Uploaded: 2020-02-12T11:07:45.000Z
Duration: 1 min 31 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Pennsylvania State Academic Standards

9-12

Life Science

interdependent-relationships-in-ecosystems

Interdependent Relationships in Ecosystems

3.1.9-12.O

In- and Out-Groups

בסביבה חברתית, אנשים לעתים קרובות מתקבצים לקבוצות – בין אם זה מבוסס על קטגוריה כמו מגדר, או, עניין מיוחד.

סיווג כזה יכול לגרום להעדפה ולקשרים רגשיים כלפי חברים אחרים – הפרדת העולם החברתי ל"אנחנו" לעומת "הם" – כלומר, יצירת קבוצה פנימית – היחידה המסוימת שפרטים מזהים כשייכים אליה – לעומת קבוצת חוץ – קבוצת אנשים שנתפסים כשונים במהותם.

במקרה זה, כולם חמושים במקורות זהות והערכה עצמית בתוך הקבוצה שלהם, והקשרים החזקים יכולים ליצור הטיות בתוך הקבוצה – העדפות של הקבוצה המחוברת על פני קבוצות אחרות.

כאשר אנשים שומרים על השקפות עצמיות חיוביות, דעות קדומות ואפליה עשויות להתרחש כדי להגן על אלה בתוך הקבוצה הספציפית.

כתוצאה מכך, חברי הקבוצה עשויים להאשים את הקבוצה החיצונית בכל אסון שהם תופסים. מושג זה נקרא שעיר לעזאזל – הפעולה של האשמת קבוצת חוץ כאשר הקבוצה הפנימית חווה כל מטרד או איום לכאורה בהשגת תוצאה.

החדשות הטובות הן שניתן ליישב את חוסר היציבות החברתית בין קבוצות. לדוגמה, באמצעות תקשורת מכוונת, הקבוצה יכולה לזהות ולהזדהות עם החוויות של הקבוצה החיצונית כדי לעורר שינוי חיובי.

קבוצות פנים וחוץ

כל האנשים שייכים למגדר, גזע, גיל וקבוצה כלכלית חברתית. קבוצות אלה מספקות מקור רב עוצמה לזהות ולהערכה העצמית שלנו (Tajfel & Turner, 1979) ומשמשות כקבוצות שלנו. קבוצה בתוך הקבוצה היא קבוצה שאנו מזדהים איתה או רואים את עצמנו שייכים אליה.

קבוצה שאיננו שייכים אליה, קבוצת חוץ, היא קבוצה שאנו רואים כשונה מאיתנו באופן מהותי. לדוגמה, אם אתה נקבה, המגדר שלך בקבוצה כולל את כל הנקבות, וקבוצת החוץ המגדרית שלך כוללת את כל הזכרים. לעתים קרובות אנשים רואים קבוצות מגדריות כשונות מהותית זו מזו בתכונות אישיות, מאפיינים, תפקידים חברתיים ותחומי עניין.

מכיוון שלעתים קרובות אנו מרגישים שייכות חזקה וחיבור רגשי לקבוצות שלנו, אנו מפתחים הטיה בתוך הקבוצה: העדפה של הקבוצה שלנו על פני קבוצות אחרות. הטיה פנים-קבוצתית זו עלולה לגרום לדעות קדומות ולאפליה מכיוון שהקבוצה החיצונית נתפסת כשונה ופחות מועדפת מהקבוצה שלנו. תפקיד אחד של דעות קדומות הוא לעזור לנו להרגיש טוב עם עצמנו ולשמור על תפיסה עצמית חיובית. הצורך הזה להרגיש טוב עם עצמנו מתרחב גם לקבוצות שלנו: אנחנו רוצים להרגיש טוב ולהגן על הקבוצות שלנו. אנו שואפים לפתור איומים באופן פרטני וברמת הקבוצה. זה קורה לעתים קרובות על ידי האשמת קבוצת חוץ בבעיה. שעיר לעזאזל הוא פעולה של האשמת קבוצת חוץ כאשר הקבוצה חווה תסכול או נחסמה מלהשיג מטרה (Allport, 1954).

למרות הדינמיקה הקבוצתית שנדמה שרק דוחפת קבוצות לקונפליקט, ישנם כוחות המקדמים פיוס בין קבוצות: ביטוי של אמפתיה, של הכרה בסבל העבר של שני הצדדים, והפסקת התנהגויות הרסניות.

החתולים והארנבים בסרטון זה

החתולים והארנבים שימשו כאן כמטאפורה, המייצגת את קבוצות הפנים והחוץ לבחירתכם. לדוגמה, אם אתה אוהד ספורט, אולי אתה יכול לחשוב על הקבוצה שלך לעומת קבוצה יריבה.   

 

טקסט זה מעובד מ <a href="https://cnx.org/contents/Sr8Ev5Og@10.24:nhpI4cUs@13/12-5-Prejudice-and-Discrimination" target="_blank">OpenStax, פסיכולוגיה. OpenStax CNX.</a>

כל האנשים שייכים למגדר, גזע, גיל וקבוצה כלכלית חברתית. קבוצות אלה מספקות מקור רב עוצמה לזהות ולהערכה העצמית שלנו (Tajfel & ...

Education

JoVE Core

Social Psychology

פסיכולוגיה חברתית

Foundations of Social Psychology

יסודות הפסיכולוגיה החברתית

Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination

סטריאוטיפים, דעה קדומה ואפליה

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

מונחים ומושגים מרכזיים

in-group bias and scapegoating

In-group bias and scapegoating help explain how people react to groups they belong to and groups they see as different. An in-group is a group a person identifies with or feels part of. An out-group is a group a person does not belong to and sees as fundamentally different.

People often use group membership as part of their identity and self-esteem. Gender, race, age, and social economic group can all serve as in-groups. For example, if a person is female, females are the in-group and males are the out-group. People may see gender groups as different in personality traits, social roles, characteristics, and interests.

Because people feel a strong sense of belonging to their in-groups, they can develop in-group bias. This is a preference for their own group over other groups. In-group bias can lead to prejudice and discrimination because the out-group is seen as different and is less preferred.

Prejudice can also help people maintain a positive self-concept. That need to feel good about oneself can extend to the in-group as well. When people feel threatened, they may try to protect their group. One response is scapegoating, which means blaming an out-group when the in-group is frustrated or blocked from reaching a goal.

Not all group conflict stays the same. Some forces can support reconciliation between groups. These include empathy, recognition of past suffering on both sides, and stopping destructive behavior. In this video, cats and rabbits act as a metaphor for the in-groups and out-groups people choose, such as one sports team and an opposing team.

In-Group Bias and Scapegoating

in- and out-groups

In-group bias and scapegoating help explain how people react to groups they belong to and groups they see as different. An in-group is a group a person identifies with or feels part of. An out-group is a group a person does not belong to and sees as fundamentally different. People often use group membership as part of their identity and self-esteem. Gender, race, age, and social economic group can all serve as in-groups. For example, if a person is female, females are the in-group and males...

stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination

How Bias Shapes Social Group Behavior

Prejudice, stereotypes, and discrimination are ways bias can shape how people think and act toward social groups. Social groups help form identity, and people can belong to many groups at once, including gender, race, ethnicity, nationality, social class, religion, sexual orientation, and profession. Differences can be hard for some people to accept, but education, contact, and relationships with other cultural groups can reduce prejudice. Even imagining a positive interaction with someone from...

stereotype content model

Warmth and Competence in Stereotypes

The Stereotype Content Model explains how people judge social groups using two main ideas: warmth and competence. Warmth means a group’s perceived intent, or whether it seems likely to help or cause harm. Competence means the group’s ability to carry out that intent. Susan Fiske and colleagues first proposed this model, and it helps show why first impressions can shape behavior toward other people. The model places stereotypes into four main categories. A group can be low in warmth and low in...

robbers cave

Robbers Cave and Group Conflict

The Robbers Cave study shows how group conflict can grow when teams are forced to compete. In the 1950s, two boys’ groups at an Oklahoma summer camp, called the Rattlers and the Eagles, entered a week-long tournament. As the competition continued, their hostility grew into name-calling, fistfights, vandalism, and damage to property. The study also showed one way to reduce that tension. Researchers used superordinate goals, which are shared goals that groups can only reach by working together.

stereotype threat and self-fulfilling prophecies

stereotype-threat-and-self-fulfilling-prophecies

How Stereotypes Shape Behavior

Stereotypes can shape behavior through self-fulfilling prophecy and confirmation bias. A self-fulfilling prophecy happens when an expectation changes how someone acts, and that behavior helps make the expectation come true. When people hold stereotypes about others, they may treat them in ways that match those expectations. That treatment can then push the other person to act in the same way, which seems to confirm the stereotype. A classic study by Rosenthal and Jacobson in 1968 showed this...

key terms and concepts

Learn how in-groups, out-groups, in-group bias, prejudice, and scapegoating shape group conflict, identity, and reconciliation in social psychology.

In-Group Bias and Scapegoating | JoVE K12

JoVE Core Social Psychology offers a comprehensive learning experience on the principles of social behavior through concise, animated video lessons. The series explores key topics such as self-concept, social cognition, group dynamics, stereotypes, and relationships. It provides a structured foundation for understanding human behavior in social situations. Students gain insights into how individuals think, feel, and behave in social contexts while examining the psychological processes that influence interactions and judgments. By integrating theory with real-world applications, these lessons offer a clear and engaging approach to mastering essential concepts in social psychology.

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3.1.9-12.V

In-Group Bias and Scapegoating

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