Name: ph and poh in water
Uploaded: 2020-09-24T15:06:51.000Z
Duration: 2 min 41 s
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pH Scale

ריכוז יוני ההידורוניום בתמיסה מימית בדרך כלל נכתב בחזקה שלילית ויכול להיות קטן עד 10⁻¹⁴ M 1 x סולם ה-pH פותח על ידי כימאי בשם סורן סורנסן ב-1909 כדרך נוחה יותר להשוות במהירות בין החומציות של תמיסות שונות. ה-pH של תמיסה הוא לוגריתם שלילי של ריכוז יוני ההידרוניום בה. לדוגמה, לתמיסה עם ריכוז הידרוניום של 1 כפול 10 בחזקת מינוס 14 מולר, יש pH 5.ככל שריכוז יוני ההידרוניום גבוה יותר בתמיסה, ה-pH שלה נמוך יותר. מכיוון ש-pH מבוטא בסולם לוגריתמי, שינוי של יחידה אחת שווה לעלייה או לירידה פי עשרה של ריכוז יוני ההידרוניום. בתמיסה עם pH 3 יהיו פי עשרה יוני הידרוניום לעומת בתמיסה עם pH 4, ופי מאה יותר מאשר תמיסה עם pH 5.בתמיסה חומצית, ריכוז יוני ההידרוניום יהיה גבוה מאשר ריכוז יוני ההידרוקסיד וערך ה-pH יהיה קטן מ-7, בעוד שבתמיסה בסיסית, ריכוז יוני ההידרוניום יהיה נמוך מריכוז יוני הידרוקסיד וערך ה-pH יהיה גדול מ-7. לתמיסה ניטרלית עם ריכוז שווה של הידרוניום והידרוקסיד יש pH 7. ריכוז יוני ההידרוקסיד ניתן לביטוי כ-pOH.pOH הוא הלוגריתם השלילי של ריכוז יוני הידרוקסיד. ככל שריכוז יוני ההידרוקסיד גבוה יותר, ערך ה-pOH שלו נמוך יותר. ערך ה-pH או ה-pOH בתמיסה מימית נע בין אפס ל-14.זה מכיוון ש-Kw, קבוע שיווי המשקל ליינון עצמי של מים, שווה ל-1 כפול 10 בחזקת מינוס 14. חישוב הלוג השלילי של שני צדדי המשוואה יוצר משוואה שבה pKw שווה לסכום pH ו-pOH. מכיוון שהלוג השלילי של 1 כפול 10 בחזקת מינוס 14 הוא 14, הסכום של pH ו-pOH בתמיסה מימית תמיד יהיה 14.זה יכול לשמש לחישוב ערך ה-pH כאשר הערך של pOH ידוע ולהפך. לדוגמה, לתמיסה עם pOH 10 יש pH 4.

<ol>
	<li>ואן ליבק, הנק. "למה לא להחליף את ה-pH וה-pOH בדרגת חומציות אמיתית אחת בלבד, AG?. כתב עת לחינוך כימי 76, מס '7 (1999): 892. <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/ed076p892">https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/ed076p892</a></li>
</ol>

סולם ph

<div style="direction:rtl">יוני הידרוניום והידרוקסיד קיימים הן במים טהורים והן בכל התמיסות המימיות, וריכוזיהם ביחס הפוך כפי שנקבע על ידי תוצר היונים של המים (Kw). הריכוזים של יונים אלה בתמיסה הם לעתים קרובות גורמים קריטיים לתכונות התמיסה ולהתנהגויות הכימיות של המומסים האחרים שלה. שתי תמיסות שונות יכולות להיות שונות בריכוז יוני ההידרוניום או הידרוקסיד שלהן פי מיליון, מיליארד או אפילו טריליון פעמים. אמצעי נפוץ לביטוי כמויות שעשויות להשתרע על פני סדרי גודל רבים הוא שימוש בסולם לוגריתמי. לכן ה-pH של תמיסה מוגדר כפי שמוצג כאן, כאשר [H3O+] הוא הריכוז המולרי של יון הידרוניום בתמיסה:  <img alt="Eq1" src="/files/ftp_upload/11397/11397_Equation_1.png" style="height: 50px;"> ארגון מחדש של משוואה זו כדי לבודד את מולריות יון ההידרוניום מניב את הביטוי המקביל:  <img alt="Eq2" src="/files/ftp_upload/11397/11397_Equation_2.png" style="height: 50px;"> באופן דומה, מולריות יוני הידרוקסיד עשויה להתבטא כפונקציית p או pOH:  <img alt="Eq3" src="/files/ftp_upload/11397/11397_Equation_3.png" style="height: 50px;"> אוֹ  <img alt="Eq4" src="/files/ftp_upload/11397/11397_Equation4.png" style="height: 50px;"> לבסוף, הקשר בין שני ריכוזי יונים אלה המבוטאים כפונקציות p נגזרים בקלות מהביטוי KW:  <img alt="Eq5" src="/files/ftp_upload/11397/11397_Equation_5.png" style="height: 135px;"> ב-25 מעלות צלזיוס, הערך של KW הוא 1.0 × 10−14, וכך:  <img alt="Eq6" src="/files/ftp_upload/11397/11397_Equation_6.png" style="height: 50px;"> מולריות יון ההידרוניום במים טהורים (או כל תמיסה ניטרלית) היא 1.0 × 10−7 M ב-25 מעלות צלזיוס. ה-pH ו-pOH של תמיסה ניטרלית בטמפרטורה זו הם:  <img alt="Eq7" src="/files/ftp_upload/11397/11397_Equation_7.png" style="height: 95px;"> ולכן, בטמפרטורה זו, תמיסות חומציות הן אלו עם מולריות יון הידרוניום גדולות מ-1.0 × 10−7 M ומולריות יוני הידרוקסיד פחות מ-1.0 ×10−7 M (המקבילה לערכי pH הנמוכים מ-7.00 וערכי pOH גדולים מ-7.00) . תמיסות בסיסיות הן אלה עם מולריות יוני הידרוניום הנמוכות מ-1.0 × 10−7 M ומולריות יוני הידרוקסיד הגדולות מ-1.0 ×10−7 M (המקביל לערכי pH גדולים מ-7.00 וערכי pOH פחות מ-7.00). מכיוון שקבוע האוטויוניזציה KW תלוי בטמפרטורה, המתאמים הללו בין ערכי ה-pH לבין שמות התואר חומציים/נייטרליים/בסיסיים יהיו שונים בטמפרטורות שונות מ-25 מעלות צלזיוס. לדוגמה, מולריות ההידרוניום של מים טהורים ב-80 מעלות צלזיוס היא 4.9 ×10−7 M, התואמת לערכי pH ו-pOH של:  <img alt="Eq8" src="/files/ftp_upload/11397/11397_Equation_8.png" style="height: 95px;"> בטמפרטורה זו, תמיסות ניטרליות מציגות pH = pOH = 6.31, תמיסות חומציות מציגות pH נמוך מ-6.31 ו-pOH גדול מ-6.31, בעוד שתמיסות בסיסיות מציגות pH גבוה מ-6.31 ו-pOH נמוך מ-6.31. הבחנה זו יכולה להיות חשובה כאשר חוקרים תהליכים מסוימים המתרחשים בטמפרטורות אחרות, כגון תגובות אנזימים באורגניזמים בעלי דם חם בטמפרטורה סביב 36 - 40 מעלות צלזיוס. אלא אם כן צוין אחרת, ההתייחסות לערכי ה-pH נחשבת לאלו של 25 מעלות צלזיוס. טקסט זה מותאם מ<a href="https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-2e/pages/14-2-ph-and-poh"> Openstax, Chemistry 2e, Section 14.2: pH and pOH.</a></div>

סולם pH

יוני הידרוניום והידרוקסיד נמצאים הן במים טהורים והן בכל התמיסות המימיות, וריכוזיהם ביחס הפוך ל...

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ph and poh in water

pH and pOH show how hydronium and hydroxide ions behave in water and other aqueous solutions. These ion concentrations are linked by the ion product of water, K w , so when one goes up, the other goes down.

Because ion concentrations can differ by huge amounts, a logarithmic scale is used to describe them. pH is defined from the hydronium ion concentration, [H3O+], and pOH is the matching p-function for hydroxide ion concentration. These two values are also connected through the K w relationship.

At 25 °C, K w is 1.0 × 10−14. In pure water, or any neutral solution at this temperature, the hydronium ion concentration is 1.0 × 10−7 M. That gives pH = 7.00 and pOH = 7.00.

At 25 °C, acidic solutions have hydronium ion concentrations greater than 1.0 × 10−7 M and hydroxide ion concentrations less than 1.0 × 10−7 M. This means acidic solutions have pH values below 7.00 and pOH values above 7.00. Basic solutions show the opposite pattern, with pH above 7.00 and pOH below 7.00.

The link between pH and acidity changes with temperature because K w changes with temperature. For example, pure water at 80 °C has a hydronium ion concentration of 4.9 × 10−7 M, which gives pH and pOH values of 6.31. At this temperature, neutral solutions have pH = pOH = 6.31, acidic solutions have pH below 6.31, and basic solutions have pH above 6.31.

This temperature effect matters in processes that happen away from 25 °C, including enzyme reactions in warm-blooded organisms at about 36–40 °C. Unless another temperature is stated, pH values are usually assumed to refer to 25 °C.

pH and pOH in Water

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ph scale

pH and pOH show how hydronium and hydroxide ions behave in water and other aqueous solutions. These ion concentrations are linked by the ion product of water, K w , so when one goes up, the other goes down. Because ion concentrations can differ by huge amounts, a logarithmic scale is used to describe them. pH is defined from the hydronium ion concentration, [H3O+], and pOH is the matching p-function for hydroxide ion concentration. These two values are also connected through the K w...

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Learn how hydronium and hydroxide ion levels define pH and pOH, why neutral water changes with temperature, and how acidic or basic solutions are identified.

pH and pOH in Water | JoVE K12

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Lewis Structures of Molecular Compounds and Polyatomic Ions

To draw Lewis structures for complicated molecules and molecular ions, it is helpful to follow a step-by-step procedure as outlined:


	Determine the ...

Resonance

The Lewis structure of a nitrite anion (NO2&minus;) may actually be drawn in two different ways, distinguished by the locations of the N-O and N=O ...

Formal Charges

In some cases, there are seemingly more than one valid Lewis structures for molecules and polyatomic ions. The concept of formal charges can be used to ...

Analyze and interpret data to explain the mechanisms and properties of the two main types of intramolecular (ionic and covalent) bonds.

PS.Chm.3.1

Analyze the structure of atoms and isotopes.

pH and pOH in Water

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