Name: coordination complexes and chelation
Uploaded: 2020-09-24T15:06:53.000Z
Duration: 2 min 51 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

new-york-state-science-learning-standards

New York State Science Learning Standards

High School

Physical Science

HS. Structure and Properties of Matter

HS-PS2-6.

Metal-Ligand Bonds

בקומקפלקס יוני, יון המתכת נקשר למולקולות אניוניות או ניטרליות, הנקראות ליגנדות. לליגנדות יש זוג אלקטרונים בודדים אחד או יותר והם נוהגות כתורמות זוג אלקטרונים או כבסיסי לואיס. הן תורמות את זוג האלקטרונים ליון המתכת, הנוהג כמקבל זוג אלקטרונים או כחומצת לואיס.לכן, קשר קואורדינציה קוולנטי בין יון המתכת לליגנדה יוצר תוצר סיפוח של חומצה-בסיס לואיס. אטום הליגנדה התורם את זוג האלקטרונים ידוע כאטום התורם. מספר האטומים התורמים המקיפים את יון המתכת תואמים למספר הקואורדינציה של יון המתכת.בהתאם למספר האטומים התורמים שלן, ליגנדות מסווגות גם כליגנדות מונודנטטיות, בידנטטיות או פולידנטטיות והן יכולות להיות טעונות או ניטרליות. לליגנודות מונודנטטיות יש אטום תורם אחד בלבד. חמצן הוא אטום תורם במולקולת מים ניטרלית;חנקן הוא אטום תורם ביון ציאניד טעון.לליגנדות בידנטטיות יש שני אטומים תורמים, הרחוקים זה מזה במידה מספקת כדי להיקשר במקביל ליון מתכת. אטומי החנקן בשלוש מולקולות ביפירידין נקשרות ליון רותניום עם מספר קואורדינציה שש. לליגנדה פולידנטטית יש שני אטומים תורמים או יותר הנמצאים במבנה שלו.כאן שישה אטומי חנקן משתי מולקולות של דיאתילנטריאמין נקשרות ליון קובלט. כשאטומים תורמים רבים נראים כמחזיקים את יון המתכת המרכזי כצבת, הליגנדות הבידנטטיות והפולידנטטיו נקראות גם כלאטורים. לכלאטור יש יותר זיקה ליון המתכת המרכזית מאשר לליגנדה מונודנטטית, מה שיוצר קומקפלקס קוארדינציה יציב יותר.תהליך זה מוכר בשם אפקט הכלציה. כלאטורים הם רב תכליתיים. הם משמשים בכדי ליצור קומפלקס עם יוני מתכות שמפריעות בתגובה כדי להאריך את אורך חיי המדף של מוצרי מזון על ידי קמפלוקס שאריות של יוני מתכת מעורבית בזירוז תגובות ריקבון או לטיפול בהרעלות עופרת באמצעות אתילנדיאמינטטראצטט או EDTA.היווצרות הקומפלקס היוני משפיעה על התכונות הפיזיוכימיות של יון המתכת ושל הליגנדים, לדוגמה, שינוי בפוטנציאלי החמצון והחיזור או בצבעים. יותר מזה, ליגנדות יכולות לעבור תגובות כגון דה-פטרוטונציה של יוני מתכת מיוממים או הזזה על ידי ליגנדה בעלת משיכה חזקה. כאן מולקולת המים מוחלפת באמוניה, הנקשרת חזק יותר ליון המתכת.

קשרי מתכת-ליגנד

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	ההמוגלובין בדם, הכלורופיל בצמחים ירוקים, ויטמין B-12 והזרז המשמש לייצור פוליאתילן כולם מכילים תרכובות קואורדינטיביות. יונים של המתכות, במיוחד מתכות המעבר, עלולים ליצור קומפלקסים. 

	בקומפלקסים אלו, מתכות מעבר יוצרות קשרים קוולנטיים קואורדינטיביים, מעין אינטראקציה של חומצה-בסיס לואיס שבה שני האלקטרונים בקשר מועברים על ידי תורם (בסיס לואיס) למקבל אלקטרונים (חומצת לואיס). חומצת לואיס בקומפלקס קואורדינציה, המכונה לעתים קרובות יון מתכת מרכזי (או אטום), היא מתכת המעבר או מתכת המעבר הפנימית. תורמי בסיס לואיס, הנקראים ליגנדים, יכולים להיות מגוון רחב של כימיקלים - אטומים, מולקולות או יונים. הדרישה היחידה היא שיהיה להם זוג אלקטרונים אחד או יותר, שניתן לתרום למתכת המרכזית. לרוב, מדובר באטום תורם עם זוג בודד של אלקטרונים שיכול ליצור קשר קואורדינטיבי למתכת. כדור הקואורדינטיבי מורכב מיון המתכת המרכזי או האטום בתוספת הליגנדים המחוברים שלו. סוגריים בנוסחה מקיפות את הכדור הקואורדינטיבי; מינים מחוץ לסוגריים אינם חלק מכדור הקואורדינטיבי. 

	ליגנדים הם מונודנטטיים, מיוונית "חד שיניים", כאשר הם מתחברים למתכת המרכזית דרך אטום אחד בלבד. כאן, מספר הליגנדים ומספר הקואורדינציה שווים. ליגנדים עם אטום תורם אחד, כגון NH3, Cl− ו-H2O, הם ליגנדים מונודנטיים. ליגנדים רבים אחרים מתואמים למתכת באופן מורכב יותר.

	ליגנדים דו-צדדיים הם אלו שבהם שני אטומים מתואמים למרכז המתכת. לדוגמה, אתילנדיאמין (en, H2NCH2CH2NH2) מכיל שני אטומי חנקן, שלכל אחד מהם יש זוג בודד ויכול לשמש כבסיס לואיס (איור 1א). שני אטומים יכולים לתאם למרכז מתכת אחד. בקומפלקס [Co(en)3]3+, ישנם שלושה ליגנדים en דו-צדדיים, ומספר הקואורדינציה של יון הקובלט(III) הוא שישה (איור 1b). מספרי הקואורדינציה הנפוצים ביותר הם שניים, ארבע ושש, אך ידועות דוגמאות לכל מספרי הקואורדינציה מ-1 עד 15. <img alt="תמונה 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/11456/11456_Image_1.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 200px;"> 

	איור 1. (א) אתילנדיאמין (en) מכיל שני אטומי חנקן, עם זוג בודד כל אחד, שיכולים לתאם עם יון מתכת. (ב) שלושה ליגנדים דו-צדדיים מתואמים עם יון קובלט בודד. 

	כל ליגנד הנקשר ליון מתכת מרכזי על ידי יותר מאטום תורם אחד הוא ליגנד פולידנטטי (או "שיניים רבות") מכיוון שהוא יכול לנגוס במרכז המתכת עם יותר מקשר אחד. המונח צ'לט מיוונית "טופר" משמש גם לתיאור סוג זה של אינטראקציה. ליגנדים פולידנטטיים רבים הם ליגנדים צ'לטיים, וקומפלקס המורכב מאחד או יותר מהליגנדים הללו ומתכת מרכזית הוא צ'לט. ליגנד צ'לט ידוע גם כחומר צ'לטי. ליגנד צ'לט מחזיק את יון המתכת ממש כמו טופר של סרטן יחזיק גולה. לעיתים מזוהים ליגנדים פולדנטטיים עם קידומות המציינות את מספר האטומים התורמים בליגנד. קומפלקס ההמה בהמוגלובין הוא דוגמה חשובה נוספת (איור 2). הוא מכיל ליגנד פולידנטטי עם ארבעה אטומים תורמים המתואמים לברזל. <img alt="תמונה 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/11456/11456_Image2.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 200px;"> 

	איור 2: ההם הליגנד הבודד מכיל ארבעה אטומי חנקן שמתואמים לברזל בהמוגלובין ליצירת צ'לט. 

	טקסט זה מותאם מ<a href="https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-2e/pages/19-2-coordination-chemistry-of-transition-metals">Openstax, Chemistry 2e, Chapter 19.2 Coordination Chemistry of Transition Metals</a>.

 </div>

ההמוגלובין בדם, הכלורופיל בצמחים ירוקים, ויטמין B-12 והזרז המשמש לייצור פוליאתילן מכילים כולם ...

Education

JoVE Core

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Transition Metals and Coordination Complexes

מתכות מעבר וקומפלקסים קואורדינציוניים

transition-metals-and-coordination-complexes

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

מונחים ומושגים מרכזיים

coordination complexes and chelation

Coordination complexes form when a metal ion bonds to ligands. These compounds appear in familiar examples such as hemoglobin in blood, chlorophyll in green plants, vitamin B-12, and the catalyst used to make polyethylene. Transition metal ions are especially likely to form these complexes.

In a coordination complex, the metal acts as a Lewis acid. The ligand acts as a Lewis base and donates both electrons in the coordinate covalent bond. A ligand can be an atom, molecule, or ion, as long as it has one or more electron pairs to share with the metal. The central metal ion or atom, along with its attached ligands, makes up the coordination sphere. Brackets in a formula show the coordination sphere, and anything outside the brackets is not part of it.

Ligands can bind in different ways. Monodentate ligands connect through only one atom, so the number of ligands equals the coordination number. Common examples are NH3, Cl−, and H2O. Bidentate ligands bind through two atoms. Ethylenediamine, or en, has two nitrogen atoms with lone pairs that can both bond to one metal center. In the complex [Co(en)3]3+, three bidentate ligands give cobalt(III) a coordination number of six.

Ligands that attach through more than one donor atom are called polydentate ligands. The word chelate comes from a Greek word meaning “claw,” and it describes how these ligands hold a metal ion. A complex with one or more chelating ligands is called a chelate, and a chelating ligand is also called a chelating agent. These ligands can be identified with prefixes that show the number of donor atoms they use.

The heme complex in hemoglobin is another key example. Heme is a single polydentate ligand with four donor atoms, and all four coordinate to iron. Coordination numbers in complexes are often 2, 4, or 6, but examples from 1 to 15 are known. These bonding patterns help explain the structure of many important metal-containing compounds.

Coordination Complexes and Chelation

properties of transition metals

Transition Metals in the Periodic Table

Transition metals are the d-block elements and the inner transition metals in the f-block. They are defined by partially filled d orbitals. In the periodic table, the transition elements are in groups 3 through 11, and the inner transition metals appear in the two rows below the main body of the table. The d-block is often grouped into transition series. The first transition series runs from Sc through Cu. The second series runs from Y through Ag. The third series includes La and Hf through...

coordination compounds and nomenclature

How Transition Metal Complexes Are Named

Transition metal complexes are named by following rules for ligands, metal ions, and oxidation state. These compounds form when a central metal ion or atom, often a transition metal or inner transition metal, accepts electron pairs from ligands. A ligand is a Lewis base that can be an atom, molecule, or ion with one or more lone pairs to donate. In these complexes, the bond is a coordinate covalent bond. That means both electrons in the bond come from the donor, such as ammonia, and are...

metal-ligand bonds

Coordination complexes form when a metal ion bonds to ligands. These compounds appear in familiar examples such as hemoglobin in blood, chlorophyll in green plants, vitamin B-12, and the catalyst used to make polyethylene. Transition metal ions are especially likely to form these complexes. In a coordination complex, the metal acts as a Lewis acid. The ligand acts as a Lewis base and donates both electrons in the coordinate covalent bond. A ligand can be an atom, molecule, or ion, as long as...

coordination number and geometry

Transition Metal Shapes from Coordination Number

Transition metal complexes are often identified by their coordination number and the shape around the metal ion. The coordination number is the number of donor atoms bonded to the central metal. In many complexes, the most common shapes are octahedral, tetrahedral, and square planar. Coordination number and molecular geometry are linked in a clear pattern. A coordination number of 2 gives a linear shape, as in [Ag(NH3)2]+. A coordination number of 3 gives a trigonal planar shape, as in...

structural isomerism

Linkage and Ionization Isomers

Isomers are different chemical species that share the same chemical formula. In coordination compounds, structural isomerism includes linkage isomers and coordination-sphere isomers. These two forms show how the same atoms can be arranged in different ways around a metal center. Linkage isomers form when a ligand can attach to a transition metal through two different atoms. The cyanide ligand, CN−, can bind through carbon or nitrogen. The thiocyanate ligand, SCN−, can bind through sulfur or...

stereoisomerism

Isomer Shapes in Coordination Complexes

Isomer shapes in coordination complexes can change a compound’s properties even when the chemical formula stays the same. Isomers are different chemical species with the same formula. In transition metal complexes, the atoms stay connected through the same types of bonds, but their arrangement in space can differ. One common form is geometric isomerism. In these complexes, ligands (the ions or molecules attached to the metal) can sit in cis or trans positions. The octahedral [Co(NH3)4Cl2]+ ion...

valence bond theory

Metal Ligand Bonds in Coordination Complexes

Coordination complexes form metal-ligand bonds through valence bond theory. In this model, Linus Pauling explained bonding with hybridization and overlap of atomic orbitals. The central metal atom or ion acts as a Lewis acid. It uses empty orbitals of suitable energy to accept electron pairs from ligands, which act as Lewis bases. These coordinate covalent bonds help explain the color, geometry, and magnetic behavior seen in coordination compounds. The type of hybridization helps determine the...

crystal field theory - octahedral complexes

crystal-field-theory-octahedral-complexes

Octahedral d-Orbital Splitting in Crystal Fields

Crystal field theory explains how ligands affect the d orbitals in transition metal complexes. This electrostatic model helps predict the colors, magnetic behavior, and some structures of coordination compounds. It focuses on the nonbonding electrons on the central metal ion, not on the metal-ligand bonds. In crystal field theory, the metal ion and ligands are treated as very small point charges. Because electrons are negative, electrons donated by the ligands repel the electrons in the...

crystal field theory - tetrahedral and square planar complexes

crystal-field-theory-tetrahedral-and-square-planar-complexes

Crystal Field Splitting in Non-Octahedral Shapes

Crystal field theory also explains d orbital splitting in tetrahedral and square planar complexes. These shapes do not follow the same pattern as an octahedral complex, so the d orbitals respond to ligand placement in different ways. In tetrahedral complexes, the four ligands sit between the axes. None of the d orbitals points directly at the ligands, but the d x2−y2 and d z2 orbitals lie along the Cartesian axes and overlap less with the ligands than the d xy, d xz, and d yz orbitals. The d...

colors and magnetism

Color and Spin in Coordination Complexes

Color in coordination complexes comes from how metal electrons absorb light. When atoms or molecules absorb light at the right frequency, electrons move to higher-energy orbitals. For many main-group atoms and molecules, the absorbed light is ultraviolet and cannot be seen. In coordination compounds, the energy gap between d orbitals often matches visible light, so the compound can absorb and emit colors that the human eye detects. Small changes in orbital energy can cause large shifts in the...

key terms and concepts

Explore coordination complexes, ligand types, coordination numbers, and chelation using examples like hemoglobin, chlorophyll, and heme for high school chemistry.

Coordination Complexes and Chelation | JoVE K12

chemistry

JoVE Core Chemistry brings general chemistry concepts to life using concise and easy-to-understand animated video lessons. Plus, in the scientist-in-action videos, we demonstrate classical and original research experiments performed in today's laboratories worldwide.

Periodic Classification of the Elements

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Nuclear Fusion

The process of converting very light nuclei into heavier nuclei is also accompanied by the conversion of mass into large amounts of energy, a process ...

Nuclear Transmutation

Nuclear transmutation is the conversion of one nuclide into another. It can occur by the radioactive decay of a nucleus, or the reaction of a nucleus with ...

Biological Effects of Radiation

All radioactive nuclides emit high-energy particles or electromagnetic waves. When this radiation encounters living cells, it can cause heating, break ...

determining-rate-laws-and-the-order-of-reaction

Determining Rate Laws and the Order of Reaction

Source: Laboratory of Dr. Neal Abrams &#8212; SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry
All chemical reactions have a specific rate defining the ...

Develop models to illustrate the changes in the composition of the nucleus of the atom and the energy released during the processes of fission, fusion, and radioactive decay.

HS-PS1-8.

Properties of Transition Metals

Transition metals are defined as those elements that have partially filled d orbitals. As shown in Figure 1, the d-block elements in groups 3&#8211;12 are ...

Coordination Compounds and Nomenclature

In most main group element compounds, the valence electrons of the isolated atoms combine to form chemical bonds that satisfy the octet rule. For ...

The hemoglobin in the blood, the chlorophyll in green plants, vitamin B-12, and the catalyst used in the manufacture of polyethylene all contain ...

Coordination Number and Geometry

For transition metal complexes, the coordination number determines the geometry around the central metal ion. Table 1 compares coordination numbers to ...

physical-properties-of-minerals-i-crystals-and-cleavage

Physical Properties Of Minerals I: Crystals and Cleavage

Source: Laboratory of Alan Lester - University of Colorado Boulder
The physical properties of minerals comprise various measurable and discernible ...

physical-properties-of-minerals-ii-polymineralic-analysis

Physical Properties Of Minerals II: Polymineralic Analysis

Source: Laboratory of Alan Lester - University of Colorado Boulder
The physical properties of minerals include various measurable and discernible ...

Porosimetry of a Silica Alumina Powder

Source: Kerry M. Dooley and Michael G. Benton, Department of Chemical Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA
Surface area and pore size ...

Structures of Solids

Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds ...

Le Ch&#226;telier's Principle

Source: Laboratory of Dr. Lynne O&#39;Connell &#8212; Boston College
When the conditions of a system at equilibrium are altered, the system responds in ...

Communicate scientific and technical information about why the particulate-level structure is important in the functioning of designed materials.

definition-measurement-pressure-atmospheric-pressure-barometer

Definition and Measurement of Pressure: Atmospheric Pressure, Barometer, and Manometer

Gas pressure is caused by force exerted by gas molecules colliding with the surfaces of objects. Although the force of each collision is very small, any ...

gas-laws-boyle-s-gay-lussac-charles-avogadro-s-and-ideal-gas-law

Gas Laws: Boyle's, Gay-Lussac, Charles', Avogadro's, and Ideal Gas Law

Through experiments, scientists established the mathematical relationships between pairs of variables, such as pressure and temperature, pressure and ...

applications-of-the-ideal-gas-law-molar-mass-density-and-volume

Applications of the Ideal Gas Law: Molar Mass, Density, and Volume

The volume occupied by one mole of a substance is its molar volume. The ideal gas law, PV = nRT, &nbsp;suggests that the volume of a given quantity of gas ...

mixtures-of-gases-dalton-s-law-of-partial-pressures-and-mole-fractions

Mixtures of Gases: Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures and Mole Fractions

Unless individual gases chemically react with each other, the individual gases in a mixture of gases do not affect each other&rsquo;s pressure. Each gas ...

chemical-stoichiometry-gases-using-ideal-gas-law-to-determine

Chemical Stoichiometry and Gases: Using Ideal Gas Law to Determine Moles

Chemical stoichiometry describes the quantitative relationships between reactants and products in chemical reactions.

In addition to measuring quantities ...

Analyze data to support the claim that the combined gas law describes the relationships among volume, pressure, and temperature for a sample of an ideal gas.

HS-PS1-9.

Coordination Complexes and Chelation

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