Name: experimental and observational study types
Uploaded: 2023-04-30T12:27:44.000Z
Duration: 1 min 15 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Virginia  Standards of Learning

HIgh School

Chemistry

CH.1

CH.1.c

Study Design in Statistics

עיצובי מחקר הם המסגרת לאיסוף וניתוח נתונים במחקר מסוים. הם יכולים להיות תיאוריים או אנליטיים.
מחקר תיאורי מתאר מאפיין אחד או יותר של קבוצה, למשל, גובהו של עץ תפוז או מהן תכונות האישיות של תעשיין מצליח. הוא עוסק בשאלה - מה ומה לא - למה.
מחקר אנליטי קובע קשרים סיבתיים בין המשתנים ובודק השערה.
ניתן לחלק מחקרים אנליטיים למחקרים תצפיתיים וניסיוניים.
מחקרים תצפיתיים מתארים כיצד חשיפה ותוצאה מתרחשות באופן טבעי ומודדים משתנים מעניינים מבלי להשפיע על התגובה. לדוגמה, השוואת התשואה של תפוזים משתי חוות עם מאפייני קרקע שונים. סוג זה של מחקר לא יבצע מניפולציות בקרקע או בתכונותיה.
לעומת זאת, המחקר הניסויי מתפעל באופן פעיל את המשתנים הבלתי תלויים ומודד את התוצאה או את המשתנה התלוי. אז החוקרים חוזרים לחוות ולראות אם דשנים מתאימים יכולים להביא לשיפור מובהק סטטיסטית ביבול התפוזים.

עיצוב מחקר בסטטיסטיקה

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עיצוב מחקר הוא סט של טכניקות המאפשרות לחוקר לאסוף ולנתח נתונים ממשתנים שונים המוגדרים לבעיית מחקר ספציפית. סטטיסטיקה היא נפוצה בתכנון מחקר יעיל ובניסויים חזקים יותר.

האם אספירין מפחית את הסיכון להתקפי לב? האם מותג אחד של דשן יעיל יותר בגידול ורדים מאשר מותג אחר? האם עייפות מסוכנת לנהג כמו השפעת אלכוהול? שאלות כמו אלה נענות באמצעות ניסויים אקראיים עם עיצוב מחקר נכון המבטיח הפקת נתונים אמינים ומדויקים.

 ישנם שני סוגים עיקריים של עיצובי מחקר: מחקרים תיאוריים ואנליטיים. במחקרים תיאוריים מתוארים המשתנים והם עונים על השאלה מה, ולא למה. מחקרים אנליטיים מחולקים עוד יותר למחקרים תצפיתיים וניסויים. במחקרים תצפיתיים, המשתנים התלויים והבלתי תלויים מנותחים מבלי לשנות אף משתנים. כדוגמה, עצי תפוז גדלים כאשר הם נחשפים לאור השמש. תאונות דרכים ומהירות הרכב. מחקרים ניסויים משפיעים או משנים את המשתנה הבלתי תלוי ומודדים את התוצאה. מטרת הניסוי היא לחקור את הקשר בין שני משתנים. בניסוי אקראי, החוקר עושה מניפולציות על ערכים של המשתנה המסביר ומודד את השינויים המתקבלים במשתנה התגובה. הערכים השונים של המשתנה המסביר נקראים טיפולים. יחידת ניסוי היא עצם או פרט בודד שיש למדוד.

 הטקסט הזה מותאם מ- <a href="https://openstax.org/books/introductory-statistics/pages/1-4-experimental-design-and-ethics">Openstax, Introductory Statistics, Section 1.4, Experimental Design and Ethics</a>
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עיצוב מחקר הוא סדרה של טכניקות המאפשרות לחוקר לאסוף ולנתח נתונים ממשתנים שונים שהוגדרו למחקר ספציפי ...

Education

JoVE Core

Statistics

סטטיסטיקה

Unit 1

יחידה 1

Statistics in Practice

סטטיסטיקה הלכה למעשה

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

מונחים ומושגים מרכזיים

experimental and observational study types

Study design in statistics helps researchers collect and analyze data from variables in a specific research problem. It supports stronger experiments and more reliable data. Questions about aspirin and heart attacks, fertilizer and rose growth, or fatigue and alcohol-related driving risk all depend on careful study design.

Study designs are usually grouped into two main types: descriptive and analytical studies. Descriptive studies describe the variables and answer what is happening, rather than why it is happening. Analytical studies go further and are divided into observational and experimental studies.

In observational studies, researchers analyze the dependent variable and the independent variable without changing either one. This type of study looks at natural relationships. Examples include orange trees growing when they are exposed to sunlight and the link between road accidents and vehicle speed.

Experimental studies are different because they change, or influence, the independent variable and then measure the result. The goal of an experiment is to study the relationship between two variables. In a randomized experiment, the researcher changes the values of the explanatory variable and measures the response variable.

The different values of the explanatory variable are called treatments. The experimental unit is the single object or individual being measured. These ideas are central to randomized experiments and help produce reliable, accurate data.

Experimental and Observational Study Types

experimental-and-observational-study-types

what is an experiment?

Random Assignment in Experiments

Random assignment in experiments helps researchers test cause and effect between two variables. An experiment is a planned activity carried out under controlled conditions. It is used to study how one variable affects another. The variable that causes change is the explanatory or independent variable. The variable that changes in response is the response or dependent variable. In a randomized experiment, the researcher changes the explanatory variable and measures the response variable. The...

study design in statistics

Study design in statistics helps researchers collect and analyze data from variables in a specific research problem. It supports stronger experiments and more reliable data. Questions about aspirin and heart attacks, fertilizer and rose growth, or fatigue and alcohol-related driving risk all depend on careful study design. Study designs are usually grouped into two main types: descriptive and analytical studies. Descriptive studies describe the variables and answer what is happening, rather...

observational studies

Types of Observational Research Methods

Observational research methods let scientists study events without changing them. The researcher does not intervene, so the response variable and the outcome are left alone. These studies are used to look for patterns and relationships in real-world settings. There are three main types of observational studies: prospective, retrospective, and cross-sectional. Each type collects information in a different way. Together, they help researchers answer questions about health, behavior, and risk. <br...

experimental designs

Types of Experimental Design

Experimental design is a systematic way to study how an independent variable affects a dependent variable. Researchers use it to compare results and judge whether a treatment or intervention changes the outcome. Three common experimental designs are pre-experimental design, true experimental design, and quasi-experimental design. Each one supports research in a different way, depending on how groups are formed and how the data are collected. In pre-experimental design, the researcher compares...

randomized experiments

How Random Assignment Reduces Bias

Random assignment helps researchers place participants into experimental and control groups. It gives each person an equal chance of being assigned to either group. This process is used to reduce selection bias and to balance known and unknown confounding factors, so the control group is as similar to the treatment group as possible. A computer program or a random number generator can make the assignment process less biased. Simple randomization is the most direct method. It uses a single...

crossover experiments

Repeated-Measures Study Design

Crossover experiments are a repeated-measurements study design used in science and medicine. In this design, the same experimental units receive all treatments during different time periods. That setup helps compare how each treatment performs within the same group. These studies are used in psychology, the pharmaceutical industry, agriculture, and medicine. They can work with smaller sample sizes because the samples act as their own controls. That makes crossover designs useful when...

controls in experiments

Why Control Groups Improve Experiment Results

Control groups help experiments produce more reliable results. They reduce bias and make it easier to measure the dependent variable. In an experiment, controls have the same features as the treatment groups but are not affected by the independent variable. Researchers sort data into control and experimental conditions to see the relationship between the independent and dependent variables. A randomized experiment includes a control group that receives an inactive treatment. The control group...

bias

Biased Sampling and Fair Tests

Bias is any tendency that keeps a question from being unprejudiced. In research, bias appears when one outcome or answer is favored over others during sampling or testing. It can happen at many stages, including study design, data collection, analysis, and publication. A common form is sampling bias. This happens when a sample is taken from a population and some members are less likely to be chosen than others. In a fair sample, each member of the population should have an equally likely...

blinding

Placebos and Bias in Randomized Trials

Placebos and blinding are key tools in randomized control trials, or RCTs. They help researchers reduce bias, which can affect study results. In a blinded study, participants do not know which treatment they are receiving. A placebo is a dummy treatment that does not contain the active treatment. Researchers use a placebo in the control group to compare against the treatment group. This helps balance the effects of being in an experiment with the effects of the active treatment itself. A...

clinical trials

How Clinical Trials Test New Treatments

Clinical trials test new treatments in people to check safety and effectiveness. These experimental studies can look at drugs, diet methods, and medical devices. Researchers use statistics to turn collected data into reasonable and accurate conclusions, so they can make sound decisions when results are uncertain. Statistics also help medical researchers reduce error and bias. That matters because clinical trial data can be influenced by chance or by uneven study design. Careful analysis...

key terms and concepts

Learn the difference between descriptive, observational, and experimental study designs, plus treatments and experimental units in randomized experiments.

Experimental and Observational Study Types | JoVE K12

statistics

JoVE Core Statistics introduces the concepts and application of the collection, analysis, presentation, and interpretation of data to students. These animated lessons provide an understanding of statistics beneficial to students from a wide range of disciplines. Additionally, the scientist-in-action videos demonstrate the application of related concepts in classical and original research experiments performed in today's laboratories worldwide

Physical Science

PS.1

PS.1.b

Physics

PH.1

PH.1.b

Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills

High School

CHEM.1

CHEM.1.B

PHYS.1

PHYS.1.B

PHYS.2

PHYS.2.B

Chemistry and Physics

IPC.1

IPC.1.B

IPC.2

IPC.2.B

The Scientific Method

The scientific method is a detailed, empirical problem-solving process used by biologists and other scientists. This iterative approach involves ...

Inductive Reasoning

Inductive reasoning is a form of logical thinking that uses related observations to arrive at a general conclusion. It is uncertain and operates in ...

Deductive Reasoning

Deductive reasoning, or deduction, is the type of logic used in hypothesis-based science. In deductive reasoning, the pattern of thinking moves in the ...

Correlation and Causation

Correlation and CausationStatistical tests can calculate whether there is a relationship, or correlation, between independent and dependent variables. A ...

The student will demonstrate an understanding of scientific and engineering practices by asking questions and defining problems
• ask questions that arise from careful observation of phenomena, examination of a model or theory, unexpected results, and/or to seek additional information
• determine which questions can be investigated within the scope of the school laboratory 
• make hypotheses that specify what happens to a dependent variable when an independent variable is manipulated
• generate hypotheses based on research and scientific principles 
• define design problems that involve the development of a process or system with interacting components, criteria and constraints

CH.1.a

Case Studies

There are many research methods available to psychologists in their efforts to understand, describe, and explain behavior and the cognitive and biological ...

Naturalistic Observations

If you want to understand how behavior occurs, one of the best ways to gain information is to simply observe the behavior in its natural context. However, ...

Surveys

Often, psychologists develop surveys as a means of gathering data. Surveys are lists of questions to be answered by research participants, and can be ...

Archival Research

Some researchers gain access to large amounts of data without interacting with a single research participant. Instead, they use existing records to answer ...

Longitudinal Research

Sometimes we want to see how people change over time, as in studies of human development and lifespan. When we test the same group of individuals ...

Cross-Sectional Research

In cross-sectional research, a researcher compares multiple segments of the population at the same time. If they were interested in people&#39;s dietary ...

Group Design

The most basic experimental design involves two groups: the experimental group and the control group. The two groups are designed to be the same except ...

Factorial Design

Factorial Analysis is an experimental design that applies Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) statistical procedures to examine a change in a dependent variable ...

The Placebo Effect

The placebo effect occurs when people&#39;s expectations or beliefs influence or determine their experience in a given situation. In other words, simply ...

Blind Procedures

Ideally, the people who observe and record the children&rsquo;s behavior are unaware of who was assigned to the experimental or control group, in order to ...

Ethics in Research

Today, scientists agree that good research is ethical in nature and is guided by a basic respect for human dignity and safety. However, this has not ...

The student will demonstrate an understanding of scientific and engineering practices by Planning and carrying out investigations
• individually and collaboratively plan and conduct observational and experimental investigations 
• plan and conduct investigations or test design solutions in a safe manner, including planning for response to emergency situations 
• select and use appropriate tools and technology to collect, record, analyze, and evaluate data

CH.1.b

Research is what makes the difference between facts and opinions. Facts are observable realities, and opinions are personal judgments, conclusions, or ...

What is an Experiment?

An experiment is a planned activity carried out under controlled conditions. The purpose of an experiment is to investigate the relationship between two ...

A study design is a set of techniques that allow a researcher to collect and analyze data from different variables defined for a specific research ...

Observational Studies

Observational studies are a type of analytical study where researchers observe events without any interventions. In other words, the researcher does not ...

Experimental Designs

An experimental design is a systematic process that allows researchers to evaluate the relationship between dependent and independent variables. There are ...

Randomized Experiments

The randomization process involves assigning study participants randomly to experimental or control groups based on their probability of being equally ...

Crossover Experiments

Crossover experiments, also called the repeated-measurements design, is a study design in which all experimental units are exposed to all treatments in ...

Controls in Experiments

When conducting an experiment, it is crucial to have control to reduce bias and accurately measure the dependent variables. It also marks the results more ...

Bias

Bias refers to any tendency that prevents a question from being considered unprejudiced. In research, bias occurs when one outcome or answer is selected ...

Blinding

Blinding is a commonly used method of not telling participants which treatment a subject is receiving. Blinding is a critical part of a randomized control ...

Clinical Trials

Clinical trials are prospective experimental studies conducted on humans to determine the safety and efficacy of treatments, drugs, diet methods, and ...

Introduction to Statistics

The science of statistics involves collecting, analyzing, interpreting, and presenting data. The method of collecting, organizing, and summarizing data is ...

How Data are Classified: Categorical Data

A variable, usually notated by capital letters such as X and Y, is a characteristic or measurement that can be determined for each member of a population. ...

How Data are Classified: Numerical Data

Data that are countable or measurable in specific units are called numerical or quantitative data. Quantitative data are always numbers. Quantitative data ...

Ogive Graph

An ogive graph is sometimes called a cumulative frequency polygon. It is one type of frequency polygon that shows cumulative frequency. In other words, ...

Histogram

The histogram is a graphical representation in the x-y form of data distribution in a data set. The horizontal x-axis is labeled with what the data ...

Relative Frequency Histogram

The relative frequency depicts the proportion of data points that have each value. The frequency tells the number of data points that have each value. ...

What is a Mode?

The mode is one of the commonly used measures of a central tendency. It is defined as the most frequent value in a data set.
There can be more than one ...

Scatter Plot

The most common and easiest way to display the relationship between two variables, x and y, is a scatter plot. A scatter plot shows the direction of a ...

Median

Besides mean, the median is a widely used measure of central tendency. Typically, median is defined as the central or middle value of a data set, measured ...

Time-Series Graph

A time-series graph is a line graph with repeated measurements taken at successive intervals of time. It is also called a time series chart. To construct ...

Midrange

A somewhat easy to compute quantitative estimate of a data set&#8217;s central tendency is its midrange, which is defined as the mean of the minimum and ...

Bar Graph

A bar graph is also called a bar chart and consists of bars that are separated from each other. It either uses horizontal or vertical bars to show ...

What is Variation?

Apart from the measures of central tendency, distribution, outliers, and the changing characteristics of data with time, an important characteristic of ...

Multiple Bar Graph

As the name suggests, a multiple bar graph is the same as a bar graph but has multiple bars to depict relationships between different data values. One can ...

Range

The range is one of the measures of variation. It can be defined as the difference between a dataset&#39;s highest and lowest values. For example, in the ...

Pareto Chart

A Pareto chart is a bar graph or a combination of both line and bar graphs. The bar lengths represent the individual values or the frequency, while the ...

Standard Deviation

The most commonly used measure of variation is the standard deviation. It is a numerical value measuring how far data values are from their mean. The ...

Pie Chart

A pie chart (or a pie graph) is a circular graphical chart or a pictorial representation of categorical data. It is divided into slices of pie each ...

Standard Error of the Mean

The sampling variability of a statistic is defined as how much the statistic varies from one sample to another. The sampling variability of a statistic is ...

What is Central Tendency?

Descriptive statistics describe or summarize relevant characteristics of a sample and aid in the analysis of data of interest. When analyzing large ...

Calculating Standard Deviation

The standard deviation is the most common measure of variation. It is a value that tells us how far a data value is from the mean value in a dataset. ...

Arithmetic Mean

The arithmetic mean is the most commonly used measure of the central tendency of a data set. It is defined as the sum of all the elements constituting the ...

Mean From a Frequency Distribution

Sometimes, data gathered from an experiment on a large sample or population are organized into concise tables. In such cases, the frequency of the ...

The student will demonstrate an understanding of scientific and engineering practices by Interpreting, analyzing and evaluating data
• record and present data in an organized format that communicates relationships and quantities in appropriate mathematical or algebraic forms 
• use data in building and revising models, supporting explanations for phenomena, or testing solutions to problems 
• solve problems using mathematical manipulations including the International System of Units (SI), scientific notation, derived units, significant digits, and dimensional analysis 
• analyze data using tools, technologies, and/or models (e.g., computational, mathematical) to make valid and reliable scientific claims or determine an optimal design solution 
• analyze data graphically and use graphs to make predictions 
• differentiate between accuracy and precision of measurements
• consider limitations of data analysis when analyzing and interpreting data 
• analyze data to optimize a design

What is a Hypothesis?

A hypothesis can be a simple sentence or statement about a property or any phenomenon observed or predicted for a population. It is usually a claim about ...

Null and Alternative Hypotheses

The actual hypothesis testing begins by considering two hypotheses. They are termed&#160; the null hypothesis and the alternative hypothesis. These ...

critical-region-critical-values-and-significance-level

Critical Region, Critical Values and Significance Level

The critical region, critical value, and significance level are interdependent concepts crucial in hypothesis testing.
In hypothesis testing, a sample ...

P-value

P-value is one of the most crucial concepts in statistics.
P-value stands for the probability value. &#160;P-value is the probability that, if the null ...

Types of Hypothesis Testing

There are three types of hypothesis tests: right-tailed, left-tailed, and two-tailed.
When the null and alternative hypotheses are stated, it is observed ...

The student will demonstrate an understanding of scientific and engineering practices by constructing and critiquing conclusions and explanations
• construct and revise explanations based on valid and reliable evidence obtained from a variety of sources 
• apply scientific ideas, principles, and/or evidence to provide an explanation of phenomena or design solutions 
• compare and evaluate competing arguments in light of currently accepted explanations and new scientific evidence 
• construct arguments or counterarguments based on data and evidence 
• differentiate between scientific hypothesis, theory, and law

CH.1.d

Dimensional Analysis

Dimensional analysis helps simplify fluid flow problems by using dimensionless groups, reducing complex variables into simpler terms that are easier to ...

Modeling and Similitude

A scaled model of a dam is tested in a controlled environment to observe how it will manage water flow, turbulence, and pressure.
This setup predicts the ...

Typical Model Studies

Typical model studies analyze scaled-down systems to predict fluid behavior, focusing on interactions with free surfaces and flow around immersed bodies.
...

The student will demonstrate an understanding of scientific and engineering practices by developing and using models
• evaluate the merits and limitations of models 
• develop, revise, and/or use models based on evidence to illustrate or predict relationships 
• use models and simulations to visualize and explain the movement of particles, to represent chemical reactions, to formulate mathematical equations, and to interpret data sets

CH.1.e

Communication Process

The communication process is the transmission and reception of messages or information from one sender to the receiver.
It involves the sender encoding an ...

The student will demonstrate an understanding of scientific and engineering practices by obtaining, evaluating, and communicating information
• compare, integrate, and evaluate sources of information presented in different media or formats to address a scientific question or solve a problem 
• gather, read, and evaluate scientific and/or technical information from multiple authoritative sources, assessing the evidence and credibility of each source 
• communicate scientific and/or technical information about phenomena and/or a design process in multiple formats

CH.1.f

Experimental and Observational Study Types

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