Name: structure types and force paths
Uploaded: 2023-09-22T11:49:23.000Z
Duration: 1 min 30 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Arizona Science Standards

High School

Physical Science

HS.P3

HS.P3U2.7

Introduction to Structures

מבנה הוא מערכת של איברים מחוברים כגון קורות, רצועות, מפרקים וכו ', שנועדו לתמוך או להעביר כוחות ולעמוד בבטחה בעומסים הפועלים עליהם.
פירוק המבנה וניתוח דיאגרמות הגוף החופשי של איברים בודדים או שילוב של חברים מסייע לקבוע את הכוחות הפנימיים של המבנה.
מבנים מסווגים לשלוש קטגוריות: תעלות, מסגרות ומכונות.
טרסות הן מבנים נייחים ונשארות נוקשות כאשר הן נתונות לכוח. טרוס מורכב מאיברים ישרים המחוברים על ידי מפרקים בקצוות של כל איבר. אם כן, לחברי הטרוס יש שני כוחות שווים ומנוגדים הפועלים לאורך האיבר.
מסגרת היא מבנה קשיח ונייח שנועד לתמוך בעומסים. עם זאת, תמיד יש לו לפחות חבר אחד שעליו פועלים שלושה כוחות או יותר. לפחות אחד מהכוחות הללו אינו מכוון לאורך ציר החבר.
מכונות הן מבנים לא קשיחים בעלי חלקים נעים שנועדו להעביר ולשנות את ההשפעות של כוחות. לפחות חבר רב-כוח אחד נמצא במכונה.

<ol>
	<li>באר, פ"פ; ג'ונסטון, א.ר.; מזורק, ד"ו; קרומוול, פי ג'יי ועצמי, ב. (2019). מכניקה וקטורית למהנדסים - סטטיקה ודינמיקה. ניו יורק: מקגרו-היל. עמ' 299.</li>
</ol>

לא הוכרז על ניגוד עניינים.

מבוא למבנים

<div style="direction:rtl">מבנה מוגדר כמערכת של איברים מחוברים זה לזה שנועדו לתמוך או להעביר כוחות ולעמוד בהצלחה בעומסים הפועלים עליהם. ניתן לקבוע את הכוחות הפנימיים של מבנה על ידי פירוק המבנה וניתוח דיאגרמות הגוף החופשי של האיברים הבודדים או של שילוב של איברים. זה עוזר בהבנת התנהגות האלמנטים' המבניים ולהבטיח שהמבנה יציב ויכול לעמוד בעומסים הנתונים. ישנן שלוש קטגוריות עיקריות של מבנים: מסבכים, מסגרות ומכונות. מסבכים הם מבנים נייחים שנשארים קשיחים כשהם נתונים לכוח. האיברים של מסבך הם אלמנטים ישרים המחוברים על ידי מפרקים בקצוות של כל אחד מהם. לכל איבר מסבך פועלים לאורכו שני כוחות שווים והפוכים. מסבכים משמשים בדרך כלל בגשרים, גגות ומגדלים. מסגרות הן מבנים נייחים וקשיחים שנועדו לתמוך בעומסים. אברים במסגרות עלולים לחוות גם כוחות צירים וגם מומנטים של כיפוף. עם זאת, לפחות איבר אחד של מסגרת פועלים עליו תמיד שלושה כוחות או יותר, ולפחות אחד מאותם כוחות אינו מכוון לאורך ציר האיבר. מסגרות נמצאות בשימוש נפוץ במבנים ובמבנים תעשייתיים, כגון מנופים וגבלים. מכונות הן מבנים עם חלקים נעים שנועדו להעביר ולשנות את השפעות הכוחות. הם מערבים מנגנונים המאפשרים תנועה או שינוי כוח. לפחות איבר רב-כוח אחד צריך להיות נוכח במכונה. מכונות משמשות בדרך כלל בכלים, כגון מכבשים וכלי רכב, כמו מכוניות ומטוסים.</div>

מבנה מוגדר כמערכת של חברים מחוברים זה לזה שנועדה לתמוך או להעביר כוחות ולעמוד בהצלחה בעומסים הפועלים עליהם. ...

Education

JoVE Core

Mechanical Engineering

הנדסת מכונות

Unit 1

יחידה 1

Structural Analysis

ניתוח מבני

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

מונחים ומושגים מרכזיים

structure types and force paths

Structures are systems of interconnected members that support or transfer forces and handle the loads placed on them. Engineers can find the internal forces in a structure by breaking it apart and drawing free-body diagrams for individual members or groups of members. This helps show how structural elements behave and how the whole system stays stable under load.

There are three main categories of structures: trusses, frames, and machines. Trusses are stationary structures that stay rigid when force is applied. Their members are straight and connected at the ends by joints, and each member has two equal and opposite forces acting along it. Trusses are commonly used in bridges, roofs, and towers.

Frames are also rigid, stationary structures that support loads. Members in a frame may experience axial forces and bending moments. In addition, at least one member in a frame has three or more forces acting on it, and at least one of those forces is not along the member’s axis. Frames are commonly found in buildings and industrial structures such as cranes and gantries.

Machines are structures with moving parts that transmit and modify the effects of forces. They use mechanisms that allow motion or change how force acts. At least one multi-force member should be present in a machine. Common examples include presses, cars, and planes.

Structure Types and Force Paths

introduction to structures

Structures are systems of interconnected members that support or transfer forces and handle the loads placed on them. Engineers can find the internal forces in a structure by breaking it apart and drawing free-body diagrams for individual members or groups of members. This helps show how structural elements behave and how the whole system stays stable under load. There are three main categories of structures: trusses, frames, and machines. Trusses are stationary structures that stay rigid when...

simple trusses

Simple Trusses and Triangular Frames

Simple trusses are planar trusses built from slender members joined at points in one flat plane. They are designed to carry external loads while using less material and keeping weight low. A truss is a structural framework, and the simple truss is one of its most basic forms. The most basic simple truss uses three members arranged in a triangle. That triangular shape is naturally stable and rigid because of its geometry. It gives students a clear starting point for understanding how larger...

method of joints

Truss Forces Using the Method of Joints

The method of joints is used to find the forces in structural trusses. It relies on equilibrium, which means the forces at a joint must balance. In this model, the truss members are connected by frictionless pins. For a plane truss, the members lie in the same plane. That means each joint has a coplanar and concurrent force system. The analysis begins by identifying and labeling all the joints in the truss. Next, each joint is isolated and shown in a free-body diagram. This diagram includes...

method of joints: problem solving i

Truss Joint Force Analysis by Equilibrium

The method of joints uses equilibrium to find forces in structural trusses. It treats the truss members as being joined by frictionless pins. For each joint, the forces acting there must balance. That balance makes it possible to solve for the member forces one joint at a time. Here, a truss has 20 N acting at joint C and 10 N acting at joint D. The method of joints is used to find FCB, FDC, FDB, and FAD. The analysis starts with a free-body diagram of joint C. Free-body diagram means drawing...

method of joints: problem solving ii

Truss Force Analysis at Joints A to E

Truss force analysis at joints A to E uses the method of joints to find the force in each member. The truss has frictionless joints, a wall support, and a roller support. A 150 N force is applied at joint A, and the member forces are solved from joint to joint. First, the angle between members AC and AB is found using the inverse tangent of the ratio of BC to AB. This gives an angle of 67.38°. A free-body diagram of joint A is then drawn, and each unknown force is split into vertical and...

zero-force member

Finding Zero-Force Members in Trusses

Trusses are frameworks made of slender members that connect at their ends by joints. Engineers and architects use them to stabilize and strengthen structures such as bridges, roofs, and towers. Truss members carry loads through tension and compression so the structure can handle external forces. A key part of truss analysis is spotting zero-force members. A zero-force member is a truss member that carries no stress under loading conditions. During analysis, some members may show zero force,...

method of sections

Truss Member Force Analysis by Sections

Truss member force analysis by sections finds the force in selected members of a truss. In this problem, forces F1 and F2 act at joints B and D. The goal is to determine the forces in members EF, DC, and DF. The method uses the idea that a truss in equilibrium also has each of its sections in equilibrium. A free-body diagram of the whole truss is drawn first. The moment equation about joint A is then used to estimate the support reaction at point E. Next, a cut is made along a sectional plane...

method of sections: problem solving i

Truss Member Force Calculation by Sections

Truss member forces can be found with the method of sections in a symmetrical roof truss. The structure here includes vertical, diagonal, and horizontal members. Each horizontal member is 4 m long. The vertical members FB and HD are 4 m long, and member GC is 6 m long. The roof truss carries loads at several joints. Joints F, G, and H each have a 2 kN load. Joints A and E each have a 1 kN load. To start the analysis, moment equilibrium is used at point A. The force and distance values are...

method of sections: problem solving ii

Truss member force analysis by sections finds the forces in selected members of a wall-mounted truss. The structure here includes diagonal, vertical, and horizontal members. The known loads and member lengths are used to solve for the forces in CB, GB, and GH. A cut is made through members CB, GB, and GH. The right side of the truss is then isolated as a free-body diagram. Next, the moment equilibrium equation is taken about point G. This step gives the force in member CB as 4 kN, and the...

space trusses

Space Truss Forces and Stability

A space truss is a three-dimensional truss made from members joined at their ends. It is the 3D version of a planar truss. These frameworks often use ball-and-socket joints, which help the structure stay stable and flexible under load. Space trusses are used in many construction projects because they can adapt to complex forces. Their basic building block is the tetrahedron. A tetrahedron has six members and four triangular faces. Engineers can build larger space trusses by adding one joint...

space trusses: problem solving

3D Truss Force Analysis with Joint Equilibrium

A space truss is a three-dimensional truss structure made of members connected at their ends. It often uses ball-and-socket joints to form a stable and versatile framework. Because it can handle complex loads, this type of structure is used in many construction projects. The example begins with a tripod made from a tetrahedral space truss. A ball-and-socket joint is located at C. The height and the lengths of the horizontal and vertical members are known. A tensile force is applied at joint D.

frames

Frame Analysis in Structural Systems

Frames are important parts of many mechanical and structural systems used every day. They are valued for stability and for their ability to bear heavy loads. A frame is built from two-force members and multi-force members, and the parts are connected with pin joints. Trusses are different because they are made entirely of two-force members. Frames appear in many practical settings. They can support beams and columns in buildings. They are also used in automobile chassis construction. In the...

frames: problem solving i

Jib Crane Reaction Forces in Frames

Jib crane reaction forces in frames are found by analyzing the pin joints, the cable tension, and the load carried by the pulley. The structure in this problem has an external load suspended from the pulley, and the member sizes are shown in the figure. Because the pulleys are frictionless, the force balance can be worked out step by step. The frame has two main parts. Member BD is a two-force member, which means it is a straight part loaded only at its two ends, D and B. Those end forces are...

frames: problem solving ii

Hydraulic Hoist Force Analysis

Hydraulic hoist force analysis shows how to find the forces in key members of a simple frame. The load is 1 kN, and the structure is represented with known member dimensions. In this setup, BF and BD act as two-force members. EFG and EDC are multi-force members, so each one is analyzed with a free-body diagram. The first step is to study member EFG. The inclined force in BF is split into vertical and horizontal parts. Then the moment equilibrium condition is applied at joint E. Using this...

machines

Cutting Pliers as a Force-Multiplying Machine

Cutting pliers are a machine that helps transmit force through movable, pin-connected members. In this example, the handles and cutting edges work together to cut wire by turning an input force into a larger output force at the jaws. When equal and opposite forces are applied to the handles, the cutting edges move toward each other. They then apply equal and opposite reaction forces to the wire. These reaction forces are greater than the forces applied to the handles, which is why the wire can...

machines: problem solving i

Toggle Clamp Force Analysis

A toggle clamp can be analyzed to find its clamping force from a known handle force. In this example, a 200 N force is applied at the handle. The clamp is used in holding and clamping tasks in woodworking, metalworking, and assembly operations. The toggle clamp is a machine structure made of movable, pin-connected multi-force members. These members form a stabilized system that transmits force. Member CD is a two-force member, which means the forces at its ends are equal in magnitude and...

machines: problem solving ii

Lifting Tong Force Analysis

Lifting tong force analysis shows how forces move through a pin-connected machine. The structure uses movable sections DAF and CBG with member AB linking them together. Because these parts work as connected members, the load can be studied with equilibrium methods. The example starts with a 100 kg load at point E. The load weight is found by multiplying mass by gravity, which gives 981 N. The cable tension acts upward and balances that weight. Since the structure is symmetrical at E, the...

key terms and concepts

Learn how structures carry loads through trusses, frames, and machines. Explore force paths, free-body diagrams, and real-world examples for grades 9–12.

Structure Types and Force Paths | JoVE K12

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Structure Types and Force Paths

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