Name: icp-ms sample ionization and detection
Uploaded: 2024-04-04T10:51:35.000Z
Duration: 1 min 19 s
Channel: JoVE

ספקטרומטריית פלזמה-מסה מצומדת אינדוקטיבית, או ICP-MS, משתמשת במקור ICP כדי להכין דגימות לספקטרומטריית מסות אטומיות.
דגימות מצב תמיסה עוברות ערפיליזציה ומועברות דרך פלסמת ארגון בטמפרטורה גבוהה.
הפלזמה מפרקת את האנליט ומייננת את האטומים המרכיבים אותו, וספקטרומטר המסות קובע את הכמות היחסית של כל יסוד.
יש לציין כי ICP פועל בלחץ אטמוספרי, בעוד ספקטרומטר מסות פועל בוואקום, כך שאזור בין פנים המורכב מזוג מדוכים מתכתיים יורד בלחץ, אשר מופחת עוד יותר עם כל קטע.
פתח חרוט הדגימה הזעיר מודה רק בכמות קטנה של פלזמה, המתרחבת ועוברת דרך הפתח הקטן עוד יותר של חרוט הרחפן. לאחר מכן, עדשת החילוץ מפרידה את היונים החיוביים, אשר נכנסים לתא ההתנגשות.
שם, טווח האנרגיות הקינטיות בין היונים מצטמצם, וקרן היונים מונחית לתוך מנתח המסה המרובע, שם מופרדים היונים ונשלחים לגלאי. 
ICP–MS משמש באנליזה אלמנטאלית ומספק מגבלות גילוי נמוכות ורגישות מעולה.

ספקטרומטריית פלזמה-מסה בשילוב אינדוקטיבי (icp-ms): סקירה כללית

Inductively Coupled Plasma&#8211;Mass Spectrometry (ICP&#8211;MS): Overview

<div style="direction:rtl">
בספקטרומטריית פלזמה-מסה משולבת אינדוקטיבית (ICP-MS), לפיד פלזמה משולב אינדוקטיבי (ICP) משמש כמרסס ומיינן. דגימות מוצקות מומסות ומנדיפות לפני הכנסתן לפלסמת הארגון בטמפרטורה גבוהה, בעוד שדגימות הפתרון עוברות ערפיליות ומועברות דרך פלזמת הארגון בטמפרטורה גבוהה. הפלזמה מפרקת את האנליטים ומייננת את האטומים המרכיבים שלהם ליצירת תערובת של יונים חיוביים ומינים מולקולריים. היונים החיוביים מועברים לאחר מכן אל ספקטרומטר המסה ומנתחים לפי ערכי m/z שלהם. מכיוון שמקור ICP פועל בלחץ אטמוספרי וספקטרומטר מסה דורש ואקום, הפלזמה מועברת דרך אזור ממשק, ומפחיתה את הלחץ מ-1 בר לסביבות 10-9 בר. אזור הממשק מורכב משני קונוסים מתכתיים (קונוס דגימה וחרוט רחפן), עדשת מיצוי ותא התנגשות. לקונוס הדגימה ולקונוס הרחפן יש פתחים צרים המאפשרים רק כמות קטנה של פלזמה לעבור דרכו. המתח השלילי הגבוה של עדשת החילוץ מאפשר רק ליונים החיוביים להיכנס לתא ההתנגשות. תא ההתנגשות מקטין את טווח האנרגיות הקינטיות של היונים ומכוון את אלומת היונים אל מנתח המסה הארבע-קטבי. ICP–MS היא טכניקה שימושית בניתוח אלמנטים בשל מגבלות הזיהוי הנמוכות שלה, הסלקטיביות הגבוהה והרגישות המעולה שלה.
</div>

ספקטרומטריית פלזמה-מסה בשילוב אינדוקטיבי (ICP-MS): סקירה כללית

ספקטרומטריית פלזמה-מסה מצומדת אינדוקטיבית, או ICP-MS, משתמשת במקור ICP כדי להכין דגימות לספקטרומטריית מסות אטומיות.
פתרון-מצב ...

inductively-coupled-plasmamass-spectrometry-icpms-overview

Education

JoVE Core

Analytical Chemistry

כימיה אנליטית

Unit 1

יחידה 1

Principles of Mass Spectrometry

עקרונות ספקטרומטריית מסה

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

מונחים ומושגי מפתח

icp-ms sample ionization and detection

ICP-MS uses an inductively coupled plasma torch to turn samples into ions for mass analysis. Solid samples are first dissolved and volatilized before they enter the hot argon plasma. Solution samples are nebulized, which means they are converted into a fine spray, and then passed through the same plasma.

Inside the plasma, the analytes break apart. Their atoms become positively charged ions, along with some molecular species. These positive ions are sent to the mass spectrometer, where they are separated and measured by their m/z values, or mass-to-charge ratios.

The plasma source works at atmospheric pressure, but the mass spectrometer needs a vacuum. To move from one system to the other, the plasma passes through an interfacial region. This step lowers the pressure from 1 bar to about 10^-9 bar.

The interfacial region includes a sampler cone, a skimmer cone, an extraction lens, and a collision cell. The sampler cone and skimmer cone have small openings, so only a small amount of plasma can pass through. The extraction lens uses a high negative voltage to allow only positive ions into the collision cell. The collision cell then narrows the range of ion kinetic energies and directs the ion beam into the quadrupole mass analyzer.

ICP-MS is widely used for elemental analysis. It is valued for low detection limits, high selectivity, and excellent sensitivity.

ICP-MS Sample Ionization and Detection

mass spectrometry: overview

Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Identity

Mass spectrometry helps identify a compound by measuring its molecular mass and molecular formula. It does this by turning the analyte molecule into ions and then comparing ion abundance with mass-to-charge ratio. One common ionization method is electron ionization, or EI. In EI, high-energy electron beams strike analyte molecules in the gas phase. The beam removes an electron and leaves a molecular ion behind. A molecular ion is a radical cation, so it has a positive charge and an unpaired...

mass spectrometry: isotope effect

Isotope Peaks in Mass Spectra

Isotope peaks in mass spectra show how natural isotope mixtures change the signal of a molecule. Most elements occur as a mix of isotopes, which are atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons. Because isotopes have different masses, the same fragment can appear at more than one position in a spectrum. The mass of a molecule depends on which isotopes are present in its atoms. The size of each isotope peak also depends on how common those isotopes are in nature. Carbon is a...

mass spectrometry: molecular fragmentation overview

mass-spectrometry-molecular-fragmentation-overview

Mass Spectrometry Fragmentation Patterns

Mass spectrometry fragmentation patterns show how a molecular ion breaks apart after ionization. When a molecule loses an electron inside the mass spectrometer, its structure becomes unstable. The ion then fragments at bonds that often produce the most stable pieces. One common pattern is cleavage of a single bond in the molecular ion. This break forms a radical and a cation. The bond can split in more than one way, but the favored path is the one that gives the more stable carbocation rather...

mass spectrometers

How Mass Spectrometers Sort Ions

A mass spectrometer sorts charged ions by their mass-to-charge ratio and records their relative abundance. It turns vaporized analyte molecules into ions, separates them, and then measures the signal from each type of ion. The process begins in the ionization chamber. The analyte is in the gas phase inside a vacuum, and it is struck by high-energy electrons. The electrons have about 70 eV of energy, which is enough to remove an electron from the analyte and form a molecular ion. After...

mass spectrum

Reading Peaks in a Mass Spectrum

A mass spectrum shows the charged fragments in an analyte as peaks plotted by mass-to-charge ratio, or m/z. The x-axis gives the mass of each charged fragment divided by the number of charges it carries. The y-axis shows the relative abundance of each charged species based on the signal intensity recorded at the detector. The tallest peak is called the base peak. It is assigned an abundance of 100%, and the other peaks are scaled against it. The peak from the molecular ion is called the parent...

mass spectrum: interpretation

Decoding Molecular Ions in Mass Spectra

Mass spectra help scientists identify an unknown compound by finding the molecular ion peak. The molecular ion peak shows the mass of the intact molecule, but it is often weak or missing because high-energy electron beams cause strong fragmentation. When that happens, a soft-energy electron beam can be used to scan the spectrum and improve the molecular ion signal. Other ionization methods can also give a stronger molecular ion peak. Chemical ionization, field ionization, and desorption...

mass analyzers: overview

Mass Analyzers and Ion Separation

Mass analyzers separate ions by their mass-to-charge ratio, or m/z, in a mass spectrometer. After a sample is vaporized in the ionization chamber, it is hit with a high-energy electron beam. This creates a radical cation and also produces neutral molecules, radicals, and cations. Negatively charged accelerator plates then push the cations into the mass analyzer, where they are sent on to the detector. Several mass analyzer designs are commonly used. These include magnetic sector,...

mass analyzers: common types

Quadrupole, TOF, and Ion Trap Analyzers

Quadrupole, time-of-flight, and ion trap mass analyzers each separate ions in a different way. They are common tools in mass spectrometry and help sort ions by their mass-to-charge ratio, or m/z. A quadrupole mass analyzer uses four cylindrical metal rods arranged in a diamond shape. The rods carry a direct current, or DC, voltage and a radio-frequency AC voltage. Ion motion depends on the field strength, so only ions with a certain m/z resonate and reach the detector at that setting. This...

high-resolution mass spectrometry (hrms)

Mass Accuracy in HRMS Analysis

High-resolution mass spectrometry separates ions by very small differences in mass. This matters because atomic masses are not always exact whole numbers, even though they are often rounded for simple calculations. Atomic mass is usually estimated by adding the masses of protons and neutrons. In reality, the proton and neutron do not have exactly the same mass. That creates small differences when atomic masses are compared to the simplest hydrogen atom. Helium, for example, is made of 2...

mass spectrometry: complex analysis

Hyphenated Mass Spectrometry Methods

Mass spectrometry can be paired with separation methods to study complex mixtures. This combination is called a hyphenated method. It helps when a pure mass spectrum is too hard to read because a mixture causes too much fragmentation and too many overlapping signals. GC-MS is one common hyphenated method. GC stands for gas chromatography, which separates volatile, thermally stable compounds in narrow capillary columns before they enter the mass spectrometer. This approach is widely used in...

tandem mass spectrometry

MS/MS Scan Modes and Fragment Ions

Tandem mass spectrometry uses two or more mass analyzers in series to improve selectivity and lower chemical noise during analyte detection. A set of analyzers separated by an interaction cell lets the instrument break ions apart and study the fragment ions that form. Fragmentation happens in the interaction cell and can be caused in several ways. Collision-induced dissociation, or CID, uses inert gases such as nitrogen, argon, or helium. Other methods include surface-induced dissociation...

gas chromatography&ndash;mass spectrometry (gc&ndash;ms)

How GC-MS Separates and Identifies Compounds

Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) separates compounds in a mixture and then identifies them. A gas chromatograph first splits the mixture into its parts. A mass spectrometer then analyzes each part on its own to determine molecular masses and molecular structures. The gas chromatograph uses a long, narrow capillary column. The inner wall of the column has a polysiloxane coating. This coating serves as the stationary phase. It has a high boiling point, low viscosity, and low polarity.

inductively coupled plasma&#8211;mass spectrometry (icp&#8211;ms): overview

ICP-MS uses an inductively coupled plasma torch to turn samples into ions for mass analysis. Solid samples are first dissolved and volatilized before they enter the hot argon plasma. Solution samples are nebulized, which means they are converted into a fine spray, and then passed through the same plasma. Inside the plasma, the analytes break apart. Their atoms become positively charged ions, along with some molecular species. These positive ions are sent to the mass spectrometer, where they...

inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (icp-ms): interferences

inductively-coupled-plasma-mass-spectrometry-icp-ms-interferences

ICP-MS Signal Interference Sources and Fixes

Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) is a sensitive method for elemental analysis, but its spectra can be affected by interferences. These interferences can make the mass signal less accurate, even when the instrument is working well. Spectroscopic interferences happen when ions in the plasma have the same mass-to-charge ratio, or m/z, as the analyte ion. This group includes isobaric interferences, polyatomic ion interferences, and refractory oxide ion interferences. Isobaric...

key terms and concepts

Learn how ICP-MS turns solid and solution samples into ions, moves them through a vacuum interface, and detects elements with high sensitivity.

ICP-MS Sample Ionization and Detection | JoVE K12

analytical chemistry

JoVE Core Analytical Chemistry simplifies complex chemical principles by breaking them down into clear, engaging animations, making topics from SI Units to NMR spectroscopy more accessible and straightforward. Additionally, the scientist-in-action videos highlight the application of these concepts in real-world research conducted in laboratories globally.

ICP-MS Sample Ionization and Detection

Description

Transcript