Name: how plant pigments capture light
Uploaded: 2019-03-11T09:21:12.000Z
Duration: 1 min 35 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

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North Carolina K-12 Science Standard Course of Study

9-12

Biology

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From Molecules to Organisms- Structures and Processes

LS.Bio.3.2

Light as Energy

- [Insegnante] L'energia
della fotosintesi è la luce,

in particolare la radiazione
elettromagnetica del sole

che si comporta come particelle,

pacchetti separati di
energia chiamati fotoni

e onde che oscillano lungo un percorso.

La distanza tra due punti consecutivi,

la lunghezza d'onda specifica,

si riferisce alla quantità di
energia portata dalle onde.

Le lunghezze d'onda lunghe
trasmettono meno energia

di quelle corte

e la gamma di tutte le
possibili lunghezze d'onda

è nota come spettro elettromagnetico.

La fotosintesi dipende
da un piccolo segmento

di questo spettro, la porzione visibile,

che varia da 400 a 700 nanometri.

Questo va dal blu al verde al rosso.

Nelle piante, diverse molecole di pigmento

assorbono determinate
lunghezze d'onda della luce,

dando a ogni molecola uno
spettro di assorbimento distinto.

Per esempio, la clorofilla A,

la molecola di pigmento più
abbondante nelle foglie,

assorbe solo la luce rossa e blu,

mentre riflette il verde che diventa così

il colore della foglia.

Chen, Y. et al. Formazione e cambiamento dei metaboliti vegetali localizzati nei cloroplasti in risposta alle condizioni di luce. Giornale internazionale di scienze molecolari. 19 (3), 654 (2018).

luce come energia

<h4>Panoramica</h4>

L'energia necessaria per effettuare la fotosintesi è la luce, tipicamente radiazione proveniente dal sole. Le particelle elettromagnetiche sono chiamate fotoni e trasportano una quantità definita di energia, a seconda della lunghezza d'onda. Tutte le lunghezze d'onda rientrano in un intervallo chiamato spettro elettromagnetico. Le piante effettuano la fotosintesi utilizzando lunghezze d'onda che vanno da 400 a 700 nm. Usano principalmente un pigmento chiamato clorofilla un che assorbe la luce rossa e blu e riflette la luce verde, motivo per cui le foglie appaiono verdi.

<h4>Fotoni</h4>

Un fotone è una particella elettromagnetica discreta o un fascio di energia. È sempre in movimento e viaggia alla velocità della luce. I fotoni sono caratterizzati dalla loro frequenza, lunghezza d'onda e ampiezza, simili alle proprietà di un'onda. Le onde con frequenze più alte trasmettono più energia e hanno lunghezze d'onda più corte rispetto alle lunghezze d'onda più lunghe che trasmettono meno energia e hanno frequenze più basse. La gamma di tutte le lunghezze d'onda possibili è nota come spettro elettromagnetico.

<h4>Lo spettro fotosintetico di assorbimento</h4>

Per la maggior parte degli organismi, la fotosintesi si basa su un piccolo segmento dello spettro elettromagnetico, vale a dire la porzione visibile che varia da 400 a 700 nanometri, dal blu al verde al rosso. Tuttavia, alcuni organismi possono effettuare la fotosintesi utilizzando la luce infrarossa.

Nelle piante, diverse molecole di pigmento assorbono specifiche lunghezze d'onda della luce, dando ad ogni molecola uno spettro di assorbimento distinto. Ad esempio, la clorofilla unamolecola di pigmento più abbondante nelle foglie assorbe solo la luce rossa e blu. Clorofilla a riflette la porzione verde dello spettro, lasciando che le foglie di pianta appaiano verdi all'occhio umano. Le piante utilizzano anche pigmenti aggiuntivi per assorbire la luce. Per esempio, hanno la ficocianina che assorbe la luce arancione e rossa, i caroteni che assorbono la luce ultravioletta, viola, blu, blu-verde e rosso-arancio e le xantofille che assorbono la luce blu e ultravioletta.

Luce come energia

The energy required to carry out photosynthesis is light&#8212; typically electromagnetic radiation from the sun. The range of all possible wavelengths is ...

Education

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Biologia

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Fotosintesi

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

TERMINI E CONCETTI CHIAVE

how plant pigments capture light

Photosynthesis uses light energy from the sun, which is a form of electromagnetic radiation. The full range of possible wavelengths is called the electromagnetic spectrum. Light is made of photons, which are small packets of energy. Photons act like waves and are described by frequency, wavelength, and amplitude.

Waves with higher frequencies carry more energy and have shorter wavelengths. Waves with lower frequencies carry less energy and have longer wavelengths. For most organisms, photosynthesis depends on the visible part of the spectrum. This range runs from about 380 to 750 nanometers and includes blue, green, and red light. A few organisms can also photosynthesize with infrared light.

Plants absorb light with pigment molecules that each have their own absorption spectrum. Chlorophyll a is the most abundant pigment in leaves. It absorbs red and blue light, but it reflects green light. That is why leaves look green to the human eye.

Plants also use other pigments to capture more light. Phycocyanin absorbs orange and red light. Carotenes absorb ultraviolet, violet, blue, blue-green, and orange-red light. Xanthophylls absorb blue and ultraviolet light. Together, these pigments help plants use a wider part of the light spectrum.

How Plant Pigments Capture Light

what is photosynthesis?

Photosynthesis in Chloroplasts and Leaves

Photosynthesis happens in plants and in some bacteria. It is the process that captures carbon dioxide and solar energy to make glucose. Glucose stores chemical energy as carbohydrates. The overall biochemical equation is 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + light energy → C6H12O6 + 6 O2. Photosynthesis also releases oxygen into the atmosphere and helps maintain Earth’s atmospheric oxygen content. Photosynthetic reactions take place in chloroplasts, which are specialized membrane-enclosed parts of the plant cell.

light as energy

Photosynthesis uses light energy from the sun, which is a form of electromagnetic radiation. The full range of possible wavelengths is called the electromagnetic spectrum. Light is made of photons, which are small packets of energy. Photons act like waves and are described by frequency, wavelength, and amplitude. Waves with higher frequencies carry more energy and have shorter wavelengths. Waves with lower frequencies carry less energy and have longer wavelengths. For most organisms,...

anatomy of chloroplasts

Chloroplasts and Photosynthesis in Plant Cells

Chloroplasts are the organelles where photosynthesis takes place in green algae and plants. They are also found in green stems and unripe fruit. In plants, mesophyll cells in the leaf contain the highest density of chloroplasts. Each chloroplast has a double membrane. The outer membrane faces the plant cell cytoplasm on one side and the chloroplast intermembrane space on the other. The inner membrane separates that narrow space from the stroma, which is the watery interior of the chloroplast.

photosystem ii

Photosystem II and Water Splitting

Photosystem II is a multi-protein complex that captures light energy and begins the flow of electrons in photosynthesis. It uses bound pigments to harvest photons and send that energy to its reaction center. From there, the energy continues through the electron transport chain and on to photosystem I. The pigments in photosystem II include chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids. They are arranged in two parts of the photosystem: the antenna complex and the reaction center. The antenna...

photosystem i

Photosystem I and NADPH Formation

Photosystem I helps convert light energy into NADPH during photosynthesis. It works with photosystem II in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast, but it uses a different electron supplier and a different electron acceptor. Electrons excited in photosystem II move to photosystem I through an electron transport chain. That chain includes plastoquinone, the dual-protein cytochrome complex, and plastocyanin. As the electrons travel between the two photosystems, they lose energy and must be...

the calvin cycle

Carbon Fixation in Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis uses light energy to turn carbon dioxide into carbohydrates. It also releases oxygen as a by-product. These products help support most food webs and make aerobic life possible. Photosynthesis has two main stages, and they happen in different parts of the chloroplast. The light-dependent reactions take place in the thylakoid membranes. Chlorophyll absorbs light energy there and helps split water molecules. This releases O2 and makes ATP and NADPH. The light-independent reactions...

c4 pathway and cam

Plant Carbon Fixation in Hot Climates

Plant carbon fixation in hot climates can follow the C4 pathway or the CAM pathway. These alternative pathways help some plants reduce energy loss from photorespiration. Photorespiration happens when oxygen levels are high and rubisco, the enzyme in the Calvin cycle, binds O2 instead of CO2. When that happens, photosynthesis slows and energy is used up. The C4 pathway is used by plants such as corn and sugarcane. In mesophyll cells, CO2 first joins with PEP, or phosphoenolpyruvate, through the...

key terms and concepts

See how photons, wavelength, and pigment absorption shape photosynthesis. Learn why chlorophyll a looks green and how other pigments absorb different light colors.

How Plant Pigments Capture Light | JoVE K12

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How Plant Pigments Capture Light

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