Name: how embryonic stem cells become specialized
Uploaded: 2019-03-11T09:21:21.000Z
Duration: 58 s
Channel: JoVE

- [Narratore] Le cellule
staminali embrionali, o cellule ES

sono cellule indifferenziate che derivano

dalla massa cellulare
interna di una blastocisti,

un embrione di tre-cinque giorni.

Sono pluripotenti, nel
senso che possono produrre

tutti i diversi tipi di cellule del corpo

dal sangue alle cellule
cerebrali, dando loro

un'ampia gamma di usi potenziali

nella scienza e nella medicina.

Vengono rimosse e coltivate in colture,

dove possono dividersi
a tempo indeterminato,

producendo nuove cellule staminali.

Manipolando le condizioni della cultura,

ad esempio, aggiungendo
alcuni fattori di crescita,

le cellule possono essere
indotte nel differenziarsi

in tipi di cellule specifiche.

Queste nuove cellule

potrebbero essere
potenzialmente utilizzate

per sostituire le cellule del corpo

perdute a causa di danni o malattie,

come le cellule produttrici
di insulina del pancreas

che vengono distrutte
nel diabete di tipo 1.

Ilic, Dosko e Caroline Ogilvie. "Recensione concisa: cellule staminali embrionali umane: cosa abbiamo fatto? Cosa stiamo facendo? Dove stiamo andando?" CELLULE STAMINALI 35, n. 1 (2017): 17–25. [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/stem.2450" target="__blank">Sorgente</a>]

cellule staminali embrionali

Embryonic Stem Cells

Le cellule staminali embrionali (ES) sono cellule pluripotenti indifferenziate, il che significa che possono produrre qualsiasi tipo di cellula nel corpo. Questo dà loro un enorme potenziale nella scienza e nella medicina in quanto possono generare tipi di cellule specifiche per l'uso nella ricerca o per sostituire le cellule del corpo perse a causa di danni o malattie.

<h4>Origine</h4>

Le cellule ES sono presenti nella massa cellulare interna di un embrione allo stadio di blastocisti, che si verifica a circa 3-5 giorni dopo la fecondazione nell'uomo prima che l'embrione venga impiantato nell'utero. Le cellule ES umane sono di solito derivate da embrioni donati lasciati dal processo di fecondazione in vitro (IVF).

Le cellule vengono raccolte e coltivate in coltura, dove possono dividersi all'infinito, creando linee cellulari ES. In determinate condizioni, le cellule ES possono differenziarsi spontaneamente in una varietà di tipi di cellule o in modo diretto per produrre i tipi di cellule desiderate. Gli scienziati possono controllare quali tipi di cellule vengono generati manipolando le condizioni di coltura, come cambiare la superficie della piastra di coltura o aggiungere fattori di crescita specifici al mezzo di coltura, nonché modificando geneticamente le cellule. Attraverso questi metodi, i ricercatori sono stati in grado di generare molti tipi di cellule specifiche da cellule ES, tra cui sangue, nervo, cuore, ossa, fegato, e cellule del pancreas.

<h4>Medicina Rigenerativa</h4>

La medicina rigenerativa riguarda la creazione di tessuti viventi e funzionali per sostituire quelli morti, malati o malfunzionanti. Data la loro capacità di differenziarsi in qualsiasi tipo di cellula, le cellule ES sono utilizzate nella medicina rigenerativa. Mentre questo campo è ancora nelle prime fasi, diversi tipi di cellule potenzialmente benefiche sono stati prodotti da cellule ES, e studi clinici hanno iniziato a testare la loro sicurezza ed efficacia nei pazienti. Alcuni risultati iniziali sono stati promettenti, ad esempio, i pazienti paralizzati hanno riacquistato un certo movimento dopo aver ricevuto cellule del sistema nervoso derivate da ES. Inoltre, le cellule ES possono essere utilizzate per studiare i primi eventi nello sviluppo umano, il che è altrimenti difficile, e fornisce una fonte di tipi di cellule specifiche che possono essere utilizzati nei test antidroga e in altre ricerche scientifiche.

Cellule staminali embrionali

Embryonic stem (ES) cells are undifferentiated pluripotent cells, meaning they can produce any cell type in the body. This gives them tremendous potential ...

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how embryonic stem cells become specialized

Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent cells that have not yet specialized. Pluripotent means they can give rise to many different cell types in the body. Because of this, they are useful in science and medicine for making cells needed in research or for replacing cells lost to damage or disease.

These cells come from the inner cell mass of a blastocyst, which is an early embryo about 3 to 5 days after fertilization in humans. At this stage, the embryo has not yet implanted in the uterus. Human embryonic stem cells are usually taken from donated embryos left over from in vitro fertilization, or IVF.

Once collected, the cells are grown in culture and can divide for a very long time. This creates embryonic stem cell lines. Under the right conditions, the cells can differentiate, which means they can become specialized cells. They may do this on their own or through directed differentiation into a chosen cell type.

Scientists guide this process by changing the culture conditions. They may alter the surface of the culture dish, add specific growth factors to the medium, or genetically modify the cells. Using these methods, researchers have made blood, nerve, heart, bone, liver, and pancreas cells from embryonic stem cells.

These cells also have an important role in regenerative medicine, which aims to create living, functional tissues to replace dead, diseased, or malfunctioning ones. This field is still in early stages, but some cell types made from embryonic stem cells have already been tested in clinical studies. Some results have been promising, including reports of paralyzed patients regaining some movement after receiving nervous system cells made from embryonic stem cells. Researchers also use these cells to study early human development and to provide specific cell types for drug testing and other scientific research.

How Embryonic Stem Cells Become Specialized

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key terms and concepts

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How Embryonic Stem Cells Become Specialized

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