Name: cloning animals with scnt
Uploaded: 2019-03-11T09:21:22.000Z
Duration: 1 min 27 s
Channel: JoVE

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Biology

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Links Among Engineering, Technology, Science, and Society

BIO1.ETS2.3

Reproductive Cloning

- [Istruttore] La clonazione
riproduttiva è la produzione di

una copia geneticamente identica,
un clone, di un organismo.

La pecora Dolly, creata nel 1996,

era il primo clone di un animale adulto.

Ma diverse altre specie
sono state clonate da allora

compresi cani e gatti

Il metodo più comune di
clonazione di animali adulti

è il trasferimento nucleare
di cellule somatiche.

Innanzitutto, il nucleo viene
rimosso da una cellula uovo.

Quindi una cellula somatica,
come una cellula della pelle,

viene presa dall'animale
per essere clonato.

Il nucleo contenente il DNA
cromosomico viene rimosso

e iniettato nell'uovo.

L'uovo è stimolato a dividersi mediante un

trattamento chimico o
elettrico e forma un embrione,

che è impiantato nell'utero
di una femmina adulta

dove continua a svilupparsi
fino alla nascita.

Il clone risultante ha
DNA cromosomico identico

all'animale originale,

ma il DNA mitocondriale è spesso diverso

poiché i mitocondri provengono
dal citoplasma dell'uovo,

di solito da un individuo diverso.

Inoltre, differenze fenotipiche

possono verificarsi tra
il clone e l'originale

a causa di fattori
ambientali ed epigenetici

durante lo sviluppo come gemelli identici

sono leggermente diversi l'uno dall'altro

nonostante abbia lo stesso DNA.

Ayala, Francisco J. "Clonare gli esseri umani? Considerazioni biologiche, etiche e sociali. Atti dell'Accademia Nazionale delle Scienze degli Stati Uniti d'America 112, n. 29 (21 luglio 2015): 8879–86. [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1501798112" target="__blank">Sorgente</a>]
Keefer, Carol L. "Clonazione artificiale di animali domestici". Atti dell'Accademia Nazionale delle Scienze degli Stati Uniti d'America 112, n. 29 (21 luglio 2015): 8874–78. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1501718112" target="__blank">https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1501718112</a>.

clonazione riproduttiva

La clonazione riproduttiva è il processo di produzione di una copia geneticamente identica, un clone, di un intero organismo. Mentre i cloni possono essere prodotti dividendo un embrione precoce, simile a quello che accade naturalmente con gemelli identici, la clonazione di animali adulti è di solito effettuata da un processo chiamato trasferimento nucleare a cellule somatiche (SCNT).

<h4>Trasferimento nucleare a cellule somatiche</h4>

In SCNT, una cellula uovo viene prelevata da un animale e il suo nucleo viene rimosso, creando un uovo anucleato. Poi una cellula somatica, qualsiasi cellula che non è una cellula sessuale, viene prelevata dall'animale per essere clonata. Il nucleo della cellula somatica viene poi trasferito nell'uovo anucleato, sia per iniezione diretta che per fusione della cellula somatica all'uovo utilizzando una corrente elettrica.

L'uovo ora contiene il nucleo, con il DNA cromosomico, dell'animale da clonare. Viene stimolato a dividere, formando un embrione, che viene poi impiantato nell'utero di una madre surrogata. Se tutto va bene, si sviluppa normalmente e il clone nasce.

Anche se questo processo è stato utilizzato per clonare con successo molti tipi diversi di animali, tra cui pecore, mucche, muli, conigli e cani, il suo tasso di successo è basso, con solo una piccola percentuale di embrioni sopravvissuti alla nascita. Anche gli animali clonati che sopravvivono alla nascita sembrano invecchiare e morire prematuramente. Questo perché il loro DNA proviene da cellule adulte che hanno subito l'accorciamento dei telomeri - perdita di una piccola porzione delle estremità protettive dei cromosomi con ogni divisione cellulare - come parte del normale processo di invecchiamento.

Mentre il DNA cromosomico del clone è lo stesso di quello del donatore del nucleo, può avere DNA mitocondriale diverso, poiché i mitocondri provengono dal citoplasma della cellula uovo, che di solito proviene da un animale diverso. Inoltre, possono verificarsi differenze fenotipiche tra il clone e l'animale originale, a causa di fattori ambientali ed epigenetici. Ad esempio, il primo gatto clonato, Cc, sembrava molto diverso dal gatto originale, perché il modello del manto è dovuto all'inattivazione casuale del cromosoma X in cellule diverse.

Nonostante le sfide tecniche, la clonazione riproduttiva ha molti usi potenziali, tra cui la produzione di animali da ricerca geneticamente identici, bestiame con tratti desiderati e prole di specie in via di estinzione. Ha anche potenziali applicazioni nell'infertilità umana e nelle malattie, anche se la clonazione degli esseri umani non è ancora stata fatta, e solleverebbe preoccupazioni etiche.

Clonazione riproduttiva

Reproductive cloning is the process of producing a genetically identical copy&#8212;a clone&#8212;of an entire organism. While clones can be produced by ...

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cloning animals with scnt

Reproductive cloning can produce a genetically identical copy of an entire organism. In adult animals, this is usually done with somatic cell nuclear transfer, or SCNT. Another way clones can form is by splitting an early embryo, which is similar to how identical twins arise naturally.

In SCNT, an egg cell is taken from an animal and its nucleus is removed. This creates an enucleated egg. A somatic cell, which is any body cell that is not a sex cell, is then taken from the animal to be cloned. The nucleus from that cell is placed into the enucleated egg by direct injection or by fusing the cells with an electrical current.

The egg now contains the chromosomal DNA of the animal being cloned. It is stimulated to divide and form an embryo. That embryo is then implanted into the uterus of a surrogate mother. If development proceeds normally, the clone is born.

This method has been used to clone many animals, including sheep, cows, mules, rabbits, and dogs. Even so, the success rate is low, and only a small percentage of embryos survive to birth. Clones that do survive may age and die early because the DNA comes from adult cells that already show telomere shortening, which is the loss of protective chromosome ends during cell division.

A clone has the same chromosomal DNA as the nucleus donor, but it may have different mitochondrial DNA. That is because mitochondria come from the egg cell cytoplasm, which usually comes from a different animal. Clones can also look different from the original animal because of environmental and epigenetic effects. The first cloned cat, Cc, is one example, since coat pattern depends on random X-chromosome inactivation in different cells.

Despite these challenges, reproductive cloning may be useful for making genetically identical research animals, livestock with desired traits, and offspring of endangered species. It may also have possible uses in human infertility and disease. However, humans have not been cloned, and doing so would raise ethical concerns.

Cloning Animals with SCNT

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reproductive cloning

Reproductive cloning can produce a genetically identical copy of an entire organism. In adult animals, this is usually done with somatic cell nuclear transfer, or SCNT. Another way clones can form is by splitting an early embryo, which is similar to how identical twins arise naturally. In SCNT, an egg cell is taken from an animal and its nucleus is removed. This creates an enucleated egg. A somatic cell, which is any body cell that is not a sex cell, is then taken from the animal to be cloned.

genomics

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Genomics studies the full set of genetic material in an organism. In humans, that genome includes the DNA carried in 23 pairs of chromosomes in the nucleus, along with mitochondrial DNA. Genomics looks at both coding DNA and non-coding DNA, which helps scientists study how living things are built and how they differ. This field is useful in many areas of biology and medicine. Scientists use genomics to build phylogenetic trees, improve crop productivity and sustainability, help with criminal...

key terms and concepts

Explore how somatic cell nuclear transfer creates cloned animals, why success is limited, and how cloning may support research, agriculture, and conservation.

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Cloning Animals with SCNT

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