Name: nervous system parts and control
Uploaded: 2019-03-11T09:21:26.000Z
Duration: 1 min 25 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Next Generation Science Standards

High School

Life Science

from-molecules-to-organisms-structures-and-processes

From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes

HS-LS1-2

What is a Nervous System?

- [Istruttore] Il sistema
nervoso consente a una persona

di rilevare il mondo esterno

e di fornire risposte adeguate ad esso.

Inoltre, controlla le funzioni
che vanno dalla respirazione

al ragionamento avanzato.

Questo sistema è diviso in due parti,

il sistema nervoso centrale, o SNC,

che contiene il cervello
e il midollo spinale,

e il sistema nervoso periferico, il SNP,

che include i nervi che
viaggiano tra il SNC

e il resto del corpo.

Il cervello è suddiviso in aree

che hanno funzioni diverse
come l'elaborazione

di informazioni visive
o movimenti coordinati.

Ma è anche altamente
interconnesso consentendo

l'integrazione delle informazioni.

Come il resto del sistema nervoso,

il cervello è composto da neuroni,

cellule che generano e
trasmettono segnali neuro

e glia, cellule che supportano
il funzionamento neurale.

Sotto il cervello si
trova il midollo spinale,

tessuto del SNC che si estende
lungo il canale vertebrale.

Facilita la segnalazione
tra il cervello e il SNP

e controlla anche alcune
funzioni di base come i riflessi.

Nel SNP, i nervi, i fasci
di assoni neuronali,

trasmettono istruzioni
ai muscoli scheletrici

per controllare il movimento
e agli organi interni per

regolare le funzioni
autonome come la digestione.

I nervi portano dati sensoriali
da cellule recettoriali

come quelle nella pelle
che rilevano il contatto

al SNC per l'analisi.

Purves, Dale, George J. Augustine, David Fitzpatrick, Lawrence C. Katz, Anthony-Samuel LaMantia, James O. McNamara e S. Mark Williams. "Sistemi neurali". Neuroscienze. 2a edizione, 2001. [<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK11061/" target="__blank">Sorgente</a>]

cos'è il sistema nervoso?

<h4>Panoramica</h4>

Il sistema nervoso è la raccolta di cellule specializzate responsabili del mantenimento dell'ambiente interno di un organismo e del coordinamento dell'interazione di un organismo con il mondo esterno, dal controllo di funzioni essenziali come la frequenza cardiaca e la respirazione al movimento necessario per sfuggire al pericolo.

<h4>Parti del sistema nervoso</h4>

Il sistema nervoso dei vertebrati è diviso in due parti principali: il sistema nervoso centrale (SNC) e il sistema nervoso periferico (PNS). Il CNS include il cervello, il midollo spinale e la retina, il tessuto sensoriale del sistema visivo. Il PNS contiene le cellule recettori sensoriali per tutti gli altri sistemi sensoriali, come i recettori tattili nella pelle, così come i nervi che trasportano informazioni tra il SNC e il resto del corpo. Inoltre, parte sia del CNS che del PNS contribuiscono al sistema nervoso autonomo (noto anche come sistema motorio viscerale). Il sistema nervoso autonomo controlla i muscoli lisci, i muscoli cardiaci e le ghiandole che governano le azioni involontarie, come la digestione.

Il cervello vertebrato è diviso principalmente nel cervello, cervelletto e tronco encefalico. Il cervello è la parte più grande e anteriore del cervello che è divisa in emisferi sinistro e destro. Ogni emisfero è ulteriormente diviso in quattro lobi: frontale, parietale, occipitale e temporale. Lo strato più esterno del cervello è chiamato corteccia che è coinvolto nell'elaborazione di informazioni sensoriali complesse e la maggior parte delle funzioni cognitive. Più in profondità all'interno del cervello si trovano altri componenti critici, tra cui l'ippocampo, ipotalamo, talamo, e gangli basali. Il cervelletto (il "piccolo cervello") si trova posteriore e sotto il cervello ed è responsabile del coordinamento del movimento muscolare. Il tronco encefalico collega il cervello al midollo spinale e ha importanti centri per funzioni vitali come la respirazione e la deglutizione.

Il midollo spinale si trova sotto il cervello ed è continuo con il tronco encefalico. Contiene corpi cellulari neuronali e fasci di assoni che collegano il cervello e le diverse parti del corpo. Oltre ad essere un condotto critico di informazioni, il midollo spinale può svolgere alcune funzioni senza input dal cervello, come la locomozione e altri riflessi. I nervi del PNS portano i comandi motori dal CNS ai muscoli, e informazioni sensoriali dalle cellule recettoriali al SNC per l'interpretazione. Oltre al movimento dei muscoli scheletrici, i nervi regolano l'attività di organi interni come i polmoni e l'intestino attraverso le divisioni simpatiche e parasimpatiche del sistema nervoso autonomo.

<h4>Cellule del sistema nervoso</h4>

Due tipi di cellule principali costituiscono il sistema nervoso: neuroni e cellule gliali. I neuroni sono i battitori pesanti nel CNS, sono responsabili per comunicare tra loro e portare informazioni avanti e indietro dal sistema nervoso al resto del corpo. Si stima che il cervello umano contiene circa 100 miliardi di neuroni e un impressionante 100 trilioni di connessioni tra di loro. Sono disponibili in molte morfologie diverse ed eseguono una vasta gamma di funzioni. I neuroni utilizzano una serie di sostanze neurochimiche e ioni per comunicare alle giunzioni chiamate sinapsi.

L'altro tipo principale di cellule del sistema nervoso fa parte di un gruppo chiamato cellule gliali. Essi comprendono un gruppo eterogeneo di cellule che contribuiscono alla funzione dei neuroni e all'incirca uguale al numero di neuroni nel cervello. I principali tipi di cellule gliali includono astrociti, microglia, oligodendrociti e cellule ependimali nel SNC; Le cellule di Schwann e le cellule satellitari si trovano nel PNS.

<h4>La salute mentale è una preoccupazione globale</h4>

Il sistema nervoso governa praticamente ogni esperienza che abbiamo, e la sua interruzione dovuta a traumi, malattie, genetica o esposizione a sostanze chimiche nocive può avere gravi impatti sulla salute e sulla qualità della vita. Le condizioni di salute mentale che derivano da tali effetti sono notevolmente comuni in tutto il mondo. Aumentare la nostra comprensione dei disturbi neurologici e neurosviluppo continua a fornire potenziali trattamenti e terapie a molti che soffrono di condizioni di salute mentale. L'Organizzazione Mondiale della Sanità (W.H.O.) e i National Institutes of Mental Health (N.I.M.H) negli Stati Uniti, tra le altre organizzazioni, forniscono risorse preziose sia per studiare queste condizioni che per monitorare il loro impatto sulla società.

Cos'è il sistema nervoso?

Overview

The nervous system is the collection of specialized cells responsible for maintaining an organism&#8217;s internal environment and coordinating ...

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Didattica

JoVE Core

Biology

Biologia

Human Biology

Biologia umana

Nervous System

Sistema nervoso

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

TERMINI E CONCETTI CHIAVE

nervous system parts and control

The nervous system is a network of specialized cells that keeps the body working and helps it respond to the world around it. It controls essential functions such as heart rate and breathing. It also supports movement that helps an organism escape danger.

In vertebrates, the nervous system has two major parts: the central nervous system, or CNS, and the peripheral nervous system, or PNS. The CNS includes the brain, spinal cord, and retina, which is the sensory tissue of the visual system. The PNS includes sensory receptor cells for the other sensory systems, such as touch receptors in the skin, and the nerves that carry information between the CNS and the rest of the body.

Part of both the CNS and PNS also contributes to the autonomic nervous system, also called the visceral motor system. This system controls smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands. It helps govern involuntary actions such as digestion.

The vertebrate brain is divided into the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem. The cerebrum is the largest and most anterior part of the brain. It has left and right hemispheres, and each hemisphere is divided into the frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes. The outer layer of the cerebrum is the cortex, which processes complex sensory information and many cognitive functions. Deeper brain regions include the hippocampus, hypothalamus, thalamus, and basal ganglia.

The cerebellum, sometimes called the little brain, sits behind and below the cerebrum. It helps coordinate muscle movement. The brainstem connects the brain to the spinal cord and contains important centers for vital functions such as breathing and swallowing. The spinal cord lies below the brain and continues from the brainstem. It contains neuronal cell bodies and axon bundles that connect the brain with the body. It can also carry out some functions without input from the brain, including locomotion and other reflexes.

Nerves in the PNS carry motor commands from the CNS to muscles and sensory information from receptor cells back to the CNS for interpretation. They also help regulate internal organs such as the lungs and intestines through the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system.

Two main cell types make up the nervous system: neurons and glial cells. Neurons carry information between nervous system regions and between the nervous system and the rest of the body. The human brain is estimated to contain about 100 billion neurons and about 100 trillion connections between them. Neurons come in many shapes and use neurochemicals and ions to communicate at synapses, which are junctions between cells.

Glial cells are the other major cell type. They support neuron function and are about as numerous as neurons in the brain. Major glial cells in the CNS include astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes, and ependymal cells. In the PNS, Schwann cells and satellite cells perform related support roles.

Because the nervous system affects nearly every experience, damage from trauma, disease, genetics, or harmful chemicals can strongly affect health and quality of life. Problems in this system are linked to many mental health conditions around the world. Research on neurological and neurodevelopmental disorders continues to guide possible treatments and therapies. Organizations such as the World Health Organization and the National Institute of Mental Health help study these conditions and track their impact on society.

Nervous System Parts and Control

what is a nervous system?

The nervous system is a network of specialized cells that keeps the body working and helps it respond to the world around it. It controls essential functions such as heart rate and breathing. It also supports movement that helps an organism escape danger. In vertebrates, the nervous system has two major parts: the central nervous system, or CNS, and the peripheral nervous system, or PNS. The CNS includes the brain, spinal cord, and retina, which is the sensory tissue of the visual system. The...

the parasympathetic nervous system

Rest and Digest: Parasympathetic Control

The parasympathetic nervous system helps the body stay calm and return to a rested state. It is one of the two major divisions of the autonomic nervous system, which controls many unconscious functions such as heart rate and digestion. Its neurons are found in the brain and the peripheral nervous system, and they send axons to muscles, organs, and glands. This system is often called the “rest and digest” system because it supports body processes that restore homeostasis. It is most active...

the sympathetic nervous system

Sympathetic Stress Response and Body Changes

The sympathetic nervous system helps the body respond to stress and danger. It is one of the two main divisions of the autonomic nervous system. When it turns on, it prepares the body for action and puts lower-priority functions, such as digestion, on hold. This response is often called the fight-or-flight system. A surprise exam can trigger it, and students may notice a tight stomach, a dry mouth, and a fast heartbeat. In a real threat, the system shifts blood away from the digestive system...

the blood-brain barrier

How the Blood-Brain Barrier Works

The blood-brain barrier is a specialized system of blood vessels that helps control what enters the brain. It delivers nutrients from the blood while tightly regulating ions, molecules, pathogens, and other substances. This semipermeable barrier protects the brain and also makes it harder to deliver some therapies. The blood-brain barrier includes several cellular parts, especially endothelial cells and astrocytes. These cells share a common basement membrane and regulate movement between the...

neuron structure

How Neurons Send Signals

Neurons send signals through a clear set of structures that let them receive, process, and pass on information. They are the main cells of the nervous system and use electrochemical signals to communicate. Neurons also talk to other cells through neurotransmitters at junctions called synapses. Most neurons share three main parts: a cell body, also called the soma, dendrites, and an axon. The soma holds the nucleus and other organelles needed for cell function. Dendrites usually receive...

glial cells

Glial Cells and Nervous System Support

Glial cells support the nervous system and work alongside neurons. They are one of the two main cell types in the nervous system. Unlike neurons, glia do not send electrical signals, but they help with nearly every other part of nervous system function. In humans, glial cells are about as numerous as neurons in the brain. In the central nervous system, glia include astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, and ependymal cells. Astrocytes are the most common glial cells. They form organized,...

action potentials

How Nerve Signals Travel in Axons

Neurons send signals through action potentials, the rapid electrical changes that move along the axon. These signals lead to neurotransmitter release at axon terminals, which passes information through the nervous system. An action potential is an all-or-none change in membrane potential, the voltage across a cell membrane. A neuron usually has a resting membrane potential of about -70 millivolts. When it receives signals from neurotransmitters or sensory input, the membrane can become more...

the resting membrane potential

How Neurons Keep a Negative Resting Charge

Neurons keep a negative resting charge across their membrane. This electrical difference, called the membrane potential, comes from how ions move and how the membrane lets them pass. In a resting neuron, the inside is typically around -70 millivolts and is more negative than the outside, so the cell is polarized. Two main factors create this resting state. First, the membrane is selectively permeable, which means most ions and molecules cannot cross the lipid bilayer without help from ion...

long-term potentiation

Synaptic Strengthening in Learning and Memory

Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is a form of synaptic strengthening in the brain. It changes the strength of chemical synapses over time between pre- and postsynaptic neurons. LTP works against long-term depression, or LTD, which weakens synapses. Together, LTP and LTD are major mechanisms behind learning and memory. LTP can happen when a presynaptic neuron fires again and again and keeps stimulating a postsynaptic neuron. This is called Hebbian LTP, based on Donald Hebb’s idea that neurons...

long-term depression

Synaptic Pruning in Long-term Depression

Long-term depression, or LTD, is a form of synaptic plasticity that weakens chemical synapses over time. It acts between presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons. LTD works in opposition to long-term potentiation, or LTP, which strengthens synapses. Together, LTD and LTP are two of the main mechanisms behind learning and memory. LTD helps the brain avoid staying locked in a fully strengthened state. If synapses were always maximally strengthened, the brain would become less efficient and it would...

the synapse

How Neurons Signal at Synapses

Neurons communicate through synapses, the points where two neurons meet to pass on signals. At a synapse, the sending neuron is the presynaptic cell, and the receiving neuron is the postsynaptic cell. Most neurons can serve in both roles because they send and receive information. Electrical synapses move signals directly between cells. The presynaptic and postsynaptic cells are linked by gap junctions, which are proteins that physically connect them. This type of synapse can pass electrical...

key terms and concepts

Explore how the nervous system is organized, how neurons and glial cells work, and how the brain, spinal cord, and nerves control body functions.

Nervous System Parts and Control | JoVE K12

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New York State Science Learning Standards

Structure and Function

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Background
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Visualizing Onion and Cheek Cells
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Remove the entire brown outer skin and ...

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Cytoplasm

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The Nucleus

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Conservation of Protein Domains

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Globular and Fibrous Proteins

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Intrinsically Disordered Proteins

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Protein Complexes with Interchangeable Parts

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Structural Protein Function

Protein Networks

Construct an explanation based on evidence for how the structure of DNA determines the structure of proteins, which carry out the essential functions of life through systems of specialized cells. [Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include identification of specific cell or tissue types, whole body systems, specific protein structures and functions, or the biochemistry of protein synthesis.]

HS-LS1-1

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Anatomy of the Intestines

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Accessory Organs

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Lipid Digestion

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Protein Digestion

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Carbohydrate Digestion

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Overview

The nervous system is the collection of specialized cells responsible for maintaining an organism&rsquo;s internal environment and coordinating ...

The Parasympathetic Nervous System

Overview

The parasympathetic nervous system is one of the two major divisions of the autonomic nervous system. This parasympathetic system is responsible ...

The Sympathetic Nervous System

Overview

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Oogenesis

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Homeostasis
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Anatomy of the Circulatory System

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Anatomy of the Heart

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Measuring Circulatory System Function in Humans
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Blood Flow

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What Are Osmoregulation and Excretion?

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Blood Withdrawal I

Source: Kay Stewart, RVT, RLATG, CMAR; Valerie A. Schroeder, RVT, RLATG. University of Notre Dame, IN
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Blood Withdrawal II

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What is the Immune System?

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Bone Remodeling

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Breathing

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Develop and use a model to illustrate the hierarchical organization of interacting systems that provide specific functions within multicellular organisms. [Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on functions at the organism system level such as nutrient uptake, water delivery, and organism movement in response to neural stimuli. An example of an interacting system could be an artery depending on the proper function of elastic tissue and smooth muscle to regulate and deliver the proper amount of blood within the circulatory system.] [Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include interactions and functions at the molecular or chemical reaction level.]

What is Homeostasis?

Maintaining homeostasis requires that the body continuously maintain its internal conditions. Each physiological condition has a particular set point, ...

Plan and conduct an investigation to provide evidence that feedback mechanisms maintain homeostasis. [Clarification Statement: Examples of investigations could include heart rate response to exercise, stomate response to moisture and temperature, and root development in response to water levels.] [Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include the cellular processes involved in the feedback mechanism.]

HS-LS1-3

Nervous System Parts and Control

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