Name: rest and digest: parasympathetic control
Uploaded: 2019-03-11T09:21:26.000Z
Duration: 1 min 14 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

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High School

Life Science

from-molecules-to-organisms-structures-and-processes

From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes

HS-LS1-2

The Parasympathetic Nervous System

- [Istruttore] Il sistema
nervoso parasimpatico

risana il corpo durante
i momenti di tranquillità

quando non ci sono minacce,

ed è spesso chiamato riposo
e sistema di digestione.

È una delle divisioni principali

del sistema nervoso autonomo

controlla le funzioni involontarie

regolando l'attività
della muscolatura liscia

negli organi viscerali, nel
muscolo cardiaco nel cuore

e alcune ghiandole, come
le ghiandole salivari.

Quando il sistema nervoso
parasimpatico è attivato,

segnali dai neuroni pregangliari
nel tronco encefalico

e la parte sacrale del midollo
spinale viene inviata gangli,

grappoli di corpi cellulari neuronali

nel sistema nervoso
periferico vicino agli organi

o ghiandole controllate.

Qui, il messaggio viene trasmesso
ai neuroni postgangliari

che utilizzano il
neurotrasmettitore acetilcolina

per regolare l'attività
dei tessuti bersaglio.

Ad esempio, ridurre il battito cardiaco,

rilassare il corpo e stimolare
la contrazione muscolare

nell'intestino e nella vescica,

promuovere la digestione e l'escrezione.

Di conseguenza, il sistema parasimpatico

contribuisce a ricostruire
i depositi di energia

e mantenere l'omeostasi

nei momenti in cui il corpo è a riposo.

Stewart, Julian M. "Sindromi comuni di intolleranza ortostatica". Pediatria 131, n. 5 (maggio 2013): 968–80. [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2012-2610" target="__blank">Sorgente</a>]

il sistema nervoso parasimpatico

<h4>Panoramica</h4>

Il sistema nervoso parasimpatico è una delle due principali divisioni del sistema nervoso autonomo. Questo sistema parasimpatico è responsabile della regolazione di molte funzioni inconsce, come la frequenza cardiaca e la digestione. È composto da neuroni situati sia nel cervello che nel sistema nervoso periferico che inviano i loro assoni per colpire i muscoli, organi, e ghiandole.

<h4>Il sistema "Riposo e Digestione"</h4>

L'attivazione del sistema parasimpatico tende ad avere un effetto rilassante sul corpo, promuovendo funzioni che riforniscono le risorse e ripristinano l'omeostasi. È quindi a volte indicato come il sistema "riposo e digestione". Il sistema parasimpatico predomina durante i periodi di calma quando è sicuro dedicare risorse alle funzioni base di "mantenimento" senza una minaccia di attacco o danno.

<h4>Controllo del sistema parasimpatico</h4>

Il sistema nervoso parasimpatico può essere attivato da varie parti del cervello, tra cui l'ipotalamo. I neuroni preganineli nel tronco encefalico e nella parte sacrale del midollo spinale inviano prima i loro assoni ai gangli, grappoli di corpi cellulari neuronali, nel sistema nervoso periferico. Questi gangli contengono le connessioni tra neuroni pre e post ganglionici e si trovano vicino agli organi o alle ghiandole checontrollano. Da qui, i neuroni postganglionici inviano i loro assoni sui tessuti bersaglio, generalmente muscoli lisci, muscoli cardiaci o ghiandole. Tipicamente, il neurotrasmettitore acetilcolina viene utilizzato per regolare l'attività di questi obiettivi.

L'attivazione del sistema parasimpatico provoca una varietà di effetti sul corpo. Abbassa la frequenza cardiaca e induce le pupille a restringersi, ripristinando il corpo a uno stato più rilassato. Stimola anche la digestione e l'escrezione, ad esempio, promuovendo la salivazione, le contrazioni peristalitiche nello stomaco e nell'intestino e la contrazione della vescica per espellere l'urina. Aiuta a ricostruire i depositi di energia portando il pancreas a secernere più insulina. Infine, promuove anche la riproduzione aumentando il flusso sanguigno ai genitali.

<h4>Alzarsi in piedi</h4>

Il controllo della frequenza cardiaca e del flusso sanguigno è essenziale anche per compiti banali come stare in piedi. Le persone che soffrono di intolleranza ortostatica (OI) possono sperimentare la lucidità cronica e svenire dal semplice atto di entrare in una postura eretta, chiamata ortostasi. Il sistema nervoso autonomo controlla le modifiche necessarie alla vascolatura e alla frequenza cardiaca quando ci impegniamo nell'ortostasi. In particolare, il sistema parasimpatico è responsabile dei segnali che consentono la vasodilazione, ovvero il rilassamento dei muscoli intorno al rivestimento dei vasi sanguigni, delle arterie cerebrali. Una segnalazione impropria da parte del sistema nervoso parasimpatico può causare la perdita di coscienza a causa di un flusso sanguigno inadeguato al cervello.

Il sistema nervoso parasimpatico

Overview

The parasympathetic nervous system is one of the two major divisions of the autonomic nervous system. This parasympathetic system is responsible ...

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rest and digest: parasympathetic control

The parasympathetic nervous system helps the body stay calm and return to a rested state. It is one of the two major divisions of the autonomic nervous system, which controls many unconscious functions such as heart rate and digestion. Its neurons are found in the brain and the peripheral nervous system, and they send axons to muscles, organs, and glands.

This system is often called the “rest and digest” system because it supports body processes that restore homeostasis. It is most active during calm times, when the body can focus on basic housekeeping functions instead of responding to danger. In this state, the body can use resources for recovery and maintenance.

The parasympathetic nervous system can be activated by parts of the brain, including the hypothalamus. Preganglionic neurons in the brainstem and sacral spinal cord send axons to ganglia, which are clusters of neuronal cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system. These ganglia lie near the organs or glands they control, where they link preganglionic and postganglionic neurons.

Postganglionic neurons then carry signals to target tissues, which are usually smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, or glands. The neurotransmitter acetylcholine is typically used to control these targets. When this system is active, heart rate decreases, pupils constrict, digestion and excretion increase, and the pancreas releases more insulin to help rebuild energy stores. It also increases blood flow to the genitals, which supports reproduction.

This control system is also important during standing up. People with orthostatic intolerance, or OI, can feel lightheaded or faint when they move into an upright posture, a change called orthostasis. The autonomic nervous system adjusts heart rate and blood vessels during this shift, and the parasympathetic system helps signals that allow vasodilation, or widening of the cerebral arteries. If this signaling does not work properly, the brain may not get enough blood, which can cause loss of consciousness.

Rest and Digest: Parasympathetic Control

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the parasympathetic nervous system

The parasympathetic nervous system helps the body stay calm and return to a rested state. It is one of the two major divisions of the autonomic nervous system, which controls many unconscious functions such as heart rate and digestion. Its neurons are found in the brain and the peripheral nervous system, and they send axons to muscles, organs, and glands. This system is often called the “rest and digest” system because it supports body processes that restore homeostasis. It is most active...

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Sympathetic Stress Response and Body Changes

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key terms and concepts

Learn how the parasympathetic nervous system slows heart rate, supports digestion, and helps the body adjust when standing up.

Rest and Digest: Parasympathetic Control | JoVE K12

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HS-LS1-3

Rest and Digest: Parasympathetic Control

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