Name: human skeleton: bones, cells, and disease
Uploaded: 2019-03-11T09:21:29.000Z
Duration: 1 min 2 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Next Generation Science Standards

High School

Life Science

from-molecules-to-organisms-structures-and-processes

From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes

HS-LS1-2

What is the Skeletal System?

Lo scheletro è composto da ossa

che non solo si uniscono per
fornire una cornice rigida,

che dà forma al corpo, ma
permette anche il movimento,

poiché attaccata ai muscoli con i tendini.

Una sezione principale,
lo scheletro assiale,

è organizzato intorno
all'asse centrale del corpo.

Ci sono un grand numero di ossa
in questa sezione superiore

del corpo, fino agli ossicini
dell'orecchio interno,

ma la maggior parte
protegge gli organi interni.

Per esempio, il cranio
circonda il cervello,

e la colonna vertebrale
protegge il midollo spinale,

che protegge il sistema nervoso centrale.

Altri organi, come cuore e polmoni,

sono protetti dallo sterno
e la cassa toracica.

L'altra sezione, lo
scheletro appendicolare,

consiste di ossa che
supportano e muovono gli arti,

le mani e le braccia, i piedi e le gambe,

e legiunture del petto e del bacino.

Kling, Juliana M., Bart L. Clarke e Nicole P. Sandhu. "Prevenzione, screening e trattamento dell'osteoporosi: una revisione". Journal of Women's Health 23, n. 7 (1 luglio 2014): 563–72. [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2013.4611" target="__blank">Sorgente</a>]

Akkawi, Ibrahim e Hassan Zmerly. "Osteoporosi: concetti attuali". Articolazioni 6, n. 2 (14 giugno 2018): 122–27. [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1660790" target="__blank">Sorgente</a>]

cos'è il sistema scheletrico?

<h4>Panoramica</h4>

Lo scheletro umano adulto comprende 206 ossa che sono collegate attraverso cartilagine, tendini e legamenti. Lo scheletro fornisce una struttura rigida per il corpo umano, protegge gli organi interni e consente il movimento e la locomozione. Il sistema scheletrico umano è costituito dagli scheletri assiali e appendicolari. Il tessuto osseo è continuamente costruito e masticato da cellule ossee specializzate che sono essenziali per la salute generale. Le cellule ossee disregolate e i livelli scorretti di composti chimici nel sangue portano a malattie ossee.

<h4>Scheletro assiale</h4>

Lo scheletro assiale è costituito da 80 ossa ed è diviso in tre regioni: il cranio, la colonna vertebrale e la gabbia toracica. La parte superiore del cranio, il cranio, costituito da otto ossa che racchiudono il cervello, mentre la parte inferiore è costituita da 14 ossa. La colonna vertebrale è composta da 33 vertebre: sette cervicali, 12 toracici, cinque lombari, cinque vertebre sacrali fuse e quattro vertebre coccigeal fuse.

La gabbia toracica aggiunge stabilità alla colonna vertebrale e protegge anche i polmoni e il cuore. È costituito da 12 coppie di costole, che si attaccano alla vertebra toracica attraverso l'articolazione costovertebrale. La parte anteriore della gabbia toracica si attacca allo sterno, l'osso piatto al centro della parte anteriore del torace, attraverso le cartilagini costali. Le prime sette costole su ogni lato sono conosciute come vere costole, in quanto le loro cartilagini si attaccano direttamente allo sterno. Le costole da otto a 12 sono chiamate false costole perché non si attaccano direttamente allo sterno. Tuttavia, le costole da otto a 10 si uniscono allo sterno attraverso le cartilagini costali delle costole di cui sopra. Al contrario, le costole 11 e 12 sono indicate come costole galleggianti poiché sono attaccate solo alla colonna vertebrale nella parte posteriore, ma non hanno alcuna connessione allo sterno.

<h4>Scheletro appendicolare</h4>

Il sistema scheletrico appendicolare è costituito dalle 126 ossa degli arti e delle cinghie man mano che vengono aggiunte allo scheletro assiale. Il sistema scheletrico appendicolare è costituito da diversi tipi di ossa.

<h4>Tessuto osseo e cellule</h4>

L'osso è noto come tessuto osseo. Le cellule del tessuto osseo sono disperse nella matrice, la sostanza che fornisce forza e durezza alle ossa. La matrice è costituita da componenti organici, principalmente collagene, e componenti inorganici costituiti da sali minerali cristallizzati come fosfato di calcio, idrossido di calcio e fluoruro di magnesio.

Ci sono tre tipi principali di cellule ossee: osteoblasti, osteoclasti e osteociti. Gli osteoblasti e gli osteoclasti hanno funzioni opposte. Gli osteoblasti costruiscono la matrice ossea, mentre gli osteoclasti la distruggono. Entrambe le funzioni continuano per tutta la vita, ed entrambe sono essenziali per una buona salute. Costruire l'osso è importante per mantenere le ossa forti; masticare l'osso permette il mantenimento dei livelli di calcio nel flusso sanguigno (che è vitale per la salute di altri organi, come il cuore).

Gli osteociti sono cellule che sono maturate dagli osteoblasti e sono ora circondate da matrice. Gli osteociti comunicano con il sangue attraverso canali microscopici nell'osso, rilevando i livelli di calcio e altri minerali nel sangue. Controllano quindi le funzioni degli osteoblasti e degli osteoclasti secernendo sostanze che influenzano l'attività di queste cellule.

<h4>Malattie ossee</h4>

Molte malattie del sistema scheletrico hanno una caratteristica comune: ossa deboli a causa di scarso contenuto minerale. L'osteoporosi, ad esempio, è caratterizzata da una diminuzione della densità minerale ossea. Si verifica più comunemente nelle donne in postmenopausa, ma può verificarsi anche negli uomini e nelle donne in premenopausa. In questa malattia, c'è più attività osteoclastica dell'attività osteoblastica. I pazienti con osteoporosi hanno notevolmente aumentato il rischio di fratture, in particolare della colonna vertebrale, dell'anca e del polso.

Un'altra malattia ossea diffusa è l'osteodistrofia renale. Questa malattia è una parte di una condizione più grande conosciuta come disturbo minerale e osseo nella malattia renale cronica. I reni svolgono molte funzioni, tra cui la regolazione del calcio, fosforo, e vitamina D, che sono tutti fondamentali per la salute delle ossa. Quando i reni non funzionano correttamente, come nella malattia renale diabetica, le ossa possono indebolirsi e dolorose e anche le articolazioni possono diventare dolorose.

Cos'è il sistema scheletrico?

Overview

The adult human skeleton comprises 206 bones that are connected through cartilage, tendons, and ligaments. The skeleton provides a rigid ...

Education

Didattica

JoVE Core

Biology

Biologia

Human Biology

Biologia umana

Musculoskeletal System

Sistema muscoloscheletrico

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

TERMINI E CONCETTI CHIAVE

human skeleton: bones, cells, and disease

The human skeleton is a living framework made of 206 bones in adults. Bones connect with cartilage, tendons, and ligaments. This system gives the body support, protects organs, and helps with movement and locomotion.

The skeleton has two main parts: the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton has 80 bones and includes the skull, the vertebral column, and the rib cage. The cranium, or upper skull, has eight bones that enclose the brain, while the lower part of the skull has 14 bones. The vertebral column has 33 vertebrae. These include seven cervical, 12 thoracic, five lumbar, five fused sacral, and four fused coccygeal vertebrae.

The rib cage adds stability to the vertebral column and protects the lungs and heart. It has 12 pairs of ribs that attach to the thoracic vertebrae at the costovertebral joint. The front of the rib cage connects to the sternum, the flat bone in the center of the chest, through costal cartilages. The first seven ribs are true ribs because their cartilages attach directly to the sternum. Ribs eight through 12 are false ribs. Ribs eight through 10 connect to the sternum through the cartilages of the ribs above them, while ribs 11 and 12 are floating ribs because they do not connect to the sternum at all.

The appendicular skeleton has 126 bones. It includes the bones of the limbs and the girdles that attach them to the axial skeleton. Bone tissue is also called osseous tissue. Its cells sit in a matrix, which is the material that gives bone strength and hardness. The matrix contains organic material, mainly collagen, and inorganic mineral salts such as calcium phosphate, calcium hydroxide, and magnesium fluoride.

Bone cells have different jobs. Osteoblasts build bone matrix, while osteoclasts break it down. Both actions continue throughout life and are important for health. Building bone helps keep bones strong. Breaking down bone helps maintain calcium levels in the bloodstream, which is important for organs such as the heart. Osteocytes are mature bone cells that come from osteoblasts. They sit inside the matrix and communicate with the blood through tiny channels in bone. They sense calcium and other mineral levels and help control osteoblast and osteoclast activity by releasing substances that affect these cells.

Problems in bone cell balance or mineral levels can lead to bone disease. Osteoporosis is a common example. It is marked by low bone mineral density and more osteoclast activity than osteoblast activity. It occurs most often in postmenopausal women, but it can also occur in men and premenopausal women. People with osteoporosis have a much higher risk of fractures, especially in the spine, hip, and wrist.

Renal osteodystrophy is another widespread bone disease. It is part of mineral and bone disorder in chronic kidney disease. The kidneys help regulate calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin D, and these are all needed for bone health. When the kidneys do not work properly, such as in diabetic kidney disease, bones may become weak and painful, and the joints may hurt as well.

Human Skeleton: Bones, Cells, and Disease

what is the skeletal system?

The human skeleton is a living framework made of 206 bones in adults. Bones connect with cartilage, tendons, and ligaments. This system gives the body support, protects organs, and helps with movement and locomotion. The skeleton has two main parts: the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton has 80 bones and includes the skull, the vertebral column, and the rib cage. The cranium, or upper skull, has eight bones that enclose the brain, while the lower part of the skull...

bone structure

Inside a Long Bone

Inside a long bone, osseous tissue is organized into two main types: cortical bone and cancellous bone. A femur is a clear example of this structure. The bone also includes outer coverings and inner spaces that support growth, repair, and blood cell production. Cortical bone, also called compact bone, forms the dense outer layer along the diaphysis, or shaft. It is covered by the periosteum, a membrane with connective tissue, capillaries, and nerves. Beneath the cortical layer is the medullary...

joints

Types of Joints in the Human Body

Joints are the places where adjacent bones connect. They are also called articulations or articular surfaces. Joints help the body move and stay stable. Joints can be classified by structure or by function. Structural classification depends on the material that forms the joint and whether there is a space between the bones. By structure, joints are fibrous, cartilaginous, or synovial. Fibrous joints are connected by fibrous tissue and have no cavity between the bones. Because of this, they do...

bone remodeling

How Hormones Control Bone Turnover

Bone turnover is a continuous process in which old bone is broken down and new bone is built. Osteoclasts carry out bone resorption, and osteoblasts carry out bone formation. In adults, this balanced cycle helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. Mechanical stress can also stimulate turnover as part of normal maintenance and repair. Parathyroid hormone, or PTH, helps control blood calcium levels by increasing bone resorption when calcium is low. It is released from the parathyroid...

skeletal muscle anatomy

Muscle Fibers, Tendons, and Contraction

Skeletal muscle moves the body by pulling on bones through tendons. Tendons are the connective tissue that attaches skeletal muscle to bones. When skeletal muscles contract, they create voluntary movement. Skeletal muscle is wrapped in layers of connective tissue. The outer layer is the epimysium, which helps protect the muscle. Beneath it, the perimysium surrounds and groups fasciculi, which are bundles of skeletal muscle cells called myocytes. These cells are also called skeletal muscle...

classification of skeletal muscle fibers

Skeletal Muscle Fiber Speed and Energy

Skeletal muscle fibers can be grouped by how fast they contract and how they make ATP, the energy cells use for movement. These differences also shape their physical features. Most human muscles contain all three fiber types, but in different amounts. Slow oxidative fibers, also called slow-twitch fibers, appear red because they have many capillaries and high levels of myoglobin, an oxygen-storing protein. They also contain more mitochondria, which make ATP through oxidative phosphorylation,...

muscle contraction

Nerve Signals That Trigger Muscle Contraction

Nerve signals trigger muscle contraction in both skeletal and smooth muscle, but the two muscle types use different control systems. In skeletal muscle, the signal begins at the motor end plate, which is the synapse between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber. In smooth muscle, contraction is controlled by the autonomic nervous system and happens without conscious control. In skeletal muscle, motor nerve terminals release acetylcholine. This neurotransmitter binds to receptors on the sarcolemma,...

cross-bridge cycle

Calcium Control in Muscle Contraction

Calcium control in muscle contraction depends on ATP, motor neurons, and the sliding action of actin and myosin. As a muscle contracts, the thin and thick filaments overlap more, and the sarcomere, which is the contractile unit of the muscle, becomes shorter. This process uses energy from ATP and happens in a repeating cycle at the molecular level. Myosin drives the movement of actin through a cross-bridge cycle. When ATP attached to the myosin head is hydrolyzed to ADP, myosin shifts into a...

motor units

How Motor Units Control Muscle Movement

Motor units control skeletal muscle movement. A motor unit includes one efferent motor neuron, which carries signals away from the central nervous system, and all of the muscle fibers it innervates. A single motor neuron can connect with multiple muscle fibers, but each muscle fiber is innervated by only one motor neuron. Lower motor neurons are the efferent neurons that control skeletal muscle, the most abundant type of muscle in the body. Their cell bodies are found in the spinal cord or...

the spinal cord

Spinal Cord Structure and Dermatomes

The spinal cord is the main nerve pathway of the central nervous system. It carries sensory signals from the body to the brain and motor signals from the brain to the body. It begins at the foramen magnum, the opening at the base of the skull, and extends to the level of the first or second lumbar vertebra. In cross-section, the spinal cord is cylindrical and contains both gray matter and white matter. The central canal lies in the middle and is a remnant of the lumen of the primitive neural...

nociception

Pain Signaling and Inflammation

Pain signaling begins when the body detects a harmful stimulus. Sharp objects, open flames, and corrosive chemicals can trigger this response. Sensory receptors called nociceptors, which sit on nerve endings, detect these noxious stimuli and use ion channels to turn them into electrical signals. Those electrical signals travel through sensory neurons to the brain, where they are experienced as pain. This warning system helps an organism avoid damage and stay safe. Pain is therefore an...

key terms and concepts

Explore the human skeleton, including axial and appendicular bones, bone cells, and common bone diseases like osteoporosis and renal osteodystrophy.

Human Skeleton: Bones, Cells, and Disease | JoVE K12

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New York State Science Learning Standards

Structure and Function

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HS-LS1-3

Human Skeleton: Bones, Cells, and Disease

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